144 



SANDPIPER 



SANDUSKY 



request for the table. The following is a summary 

 of the British species. (1) Of the Totanimi- : lull 

 stiff and acute, no change to summer plumage. 

 The Common Sandpiper or Summer Snipe ( Totaiiua 

 hypolevcut) w a regular summer visitor to the 

 British Isles, especially to Scotland, Ireland.Wales, 



Common Sandpiper ( Totantu kypoleueut). 



and the south-east of England. In summer it 

 ranges from the Arctic circle to the south of 

 Europe ; in winter it frequents the Mediterranean 

 basin, and reaches Abyssinia and Madagascar and 

 ranges through the oriental region to Australia 

 and Tasmania, The Wood Sandpiper (T. pianola) 

 is a much less common visitor to the British Isles, 

 and is much more restricted in its range_ north- 

 wards than the common sandpiper. In winter it 

 reaches Cane Colony. The Green Sandpiper (T. 

 ochropus) differs in nesting habits from all other 

 waders. It lavs its eggs in the nests of other birds, 

 such as thrushes, blackbirds, jays, wood-pigeons, 

 and in old squirrels' dreys, and occasionally on 

 stumps and broken-down trees, but always near 

 pools. The Solitary Sandpiper ( T. solitarius) and 

 the Yellowshank ( T. flavines) are American species 

 which are found extremely rarely as stragglers to 

 Britain. The Common Redshank ( T. calidris), 

 resident in Britain, is a summer bird of passage to 

 the most northern parts of Europe and Asia, and 

 occurs in winter in Morocco and Cape Colony and 



Badjhank ( Totanut calidru). 



in Abyssinia and Natal ; also in Japan, China 

 Borneo, and Java. The Spotted Redshank (T 

 futnu) and the Greenshank (q.v.) are the only 

 other species found in Britain. 



(2) Of thoTringinii- : bill flexible and blunt; thi 

 plumage usually assumes a chestnut or reddish 

 brown tint in summer; more frequently found on 

 the shore. The Dunlin, the Curlew Sandpiper, the 

 Knot, the Sanderling, and the Hull' are described in 



The Broad-billed Sandpiper ( Trinaa 



' -/,1/ncfia) is a straggler to the 



Ttie Pectoral Sandpiper ( T. 



itlier articles, 

 r l.ii/iicola , 



Honaparte's Samlpi|>ei < '/'. ./'.<(''<///*). Un- 

 American stint ( '/'. uiiiiiitilltt), the Buff-breasted 

 Sandpiper (Tryngitet nifescen*), and Bartram's 

 Sandpiper (Sarlrnniin hiiujinnitla ) are all stragglers 

 mm America, some being fairly common, others 

 \tremelv rare. The other species are the Little 

 Slim ('/;//,</" iiiiiinlii\. Ti-mmim-k's Stint (7'. 

 ,,, /;//), 'and the Purple Sandpiper (7". */;/.- 



(3) Of the Phalaropin:r ; swimming sandpipers j 

 toes lobed and webbed at the base; lower plum 

 age as close as that of a duck. The Gray 

 Phalarope (Phalarouus fulicarivt), an irregular 

 visitor, breeding in the northern regions, the court 

 ship Iwing conducted by the larger and handsomer 

 'emale, while incubation is performed chiefly by 

 ;he male ; the southern range of tliis bird extern!- 

 to Chili, North Africa, and New Zealand. The 

 Red-necked Phalarope (P. hyjxrboretu), also an 

 irregular visitor. The only othei -and largest species 

 of this sub-family, Wilson's Phalarope (P. wittoni), 

 is confined to America. 



Saildpipcs are cylindrical hollows existing in 

 chalk deposits. They descend perpendicularly into 

 the chalk at right angles to the surface, tapering 

 downwards, ami ending in a point ; they reach 

 occasionally a depth of 60 feet, and have a diameter 

 varying from 1 to 12 feet. They are most probably 

 produced by the chemical action of water, charged 

 with carbonic acid, which exists more or less in 

 all rain-water, and is especially abundant in water 

 that has been in contact with decaying organic 

 matter. The pipes are rilled with sand, clay, or 

 gravel from the overlying deposit. 



Saildrillgliani, a Norfolk estate, 3 miles from 

 the sea and 7J miles NNE. of Lynn. Comprising 

 over 7000 acres, it was purchased in 1862 by the 

 Prince of Wales for 220,000 of the Hon. C. 8. 

 Cowper. The then existing mansion wo* <! 

 molished, and the present hall built in 1809-71, a 

 red-brick Elizal>ethan country-house, standing in 

 a pleasant park of 200 acres ; special features are 

 the iron 'Norwich gates,' the dairy, and the 

 splendid cottages. A fire on 1st November 1891 

 did damage to the amount of over 110,000. Sand- 

 rin<'ham was the scene of the six-week* 1 illness of 



the Print f Wales (Nov. -Deo. 1871), and of the 



death of his eldest son, the Duke of Clarence (14th 

 January 1892). See Mrs Herbert Jones, Sandring- 

 ham, J'i'.tt K'I I'rfxrut (2d ed. 1888). 



Sandro<-oUiis, or CHAunRAGurrA, the Hindu 



kiiiL; of IVitaliputra or Palibothra, to whom in . 

 B.C. Megost hcnes ( <j. v. ) was sent by SeleucusNicator. 

 Sandstone is a rock formed of compacted, and 

 more or less indurated sand. The grains generally 

 consist of quartz, though other mineral iODStanoM 

 are often mixed with this; they are colourless, or 

 of a dull white, yellow, brown, red, or green colour. 

 The grains vary in si/e, forming, as the case may 

 be, a fine or coarse grained stone. The loose sand 

 Incomes solidified by pressure simply, but generally 

 there is some binding material present, as argil- 

 laceous matter; or the grains may have become 

 cemented by infiltrating water, carrying with it 

 carbonate of lime, or silica, or ferric oxide. I he 

 colour of the rock is often due to the cement. 

 Ili"hly indurated sandstones often pass into 

 Qnartzite. See the classification at PETROGRAPHY : 

 also 01. n KI.I. SAMISTOM:. 



Sandstorm. See SIMOON. 



Sandiis'k y . a city and port of Ohio, and capital 

 of Erie county, on the south shore of Sandnsky l$ay, 

 an arm of Lake Erie, 56 miles by water (by rail 65) 

 W. of Cleveland. The bay, 15 miles long and 8 



