SAND-WASP 



SAN FRANCISCO 



145 



wide, forms an excellent harbour. The city is 

 built upon a lied of limestone, on a site rising 

 gradually from the shore. It lias several machine- 

 shops, railway-car factories, manufactories of cut- 

 lery and edge-tools, wheels, and especially of carved 

 and turned woodwork. From its busy wharves are 

 .-hipped large quantities of fish, lime, limestone, 

 lumber, salt, coal, ice, wool, wheat, flour, and 

 native wine. Pop. ( 1880) 15,838 ; ( 1890) 18,471. 

 Sand-wasp. See WASP. 



Sandwich, a decayed seaport of Kent, on the 

 right bank of the Stour, 12 miles E. of Canterbury 

 and 68 ( by rail 84 ) ESE. of London. It now stands 

 2 miles from the sea, or 4 if one follows the wind- 

 ings of the river ; but in the llth century, when 

 I'M ward the Confessor made it one of the Cinque 

 Ports (q.v.), it was the 'most famous of all the 

 English harlxMirs.' It was the place of landing or 

 embarkation of St Wilfrid, Canute, Becket, Coeur- 

 de-Lion, &c. ; under Edward IV. had 95 ships and 

 1500 mariners ; but has never recovered the silting 

 up of its harliour in the 16th century, in spite of the 

 settlement at it of Protestant refugees (c. 1561), 

 and of some harliour improvements since 1847. To- 

 day its chief fame is as a headquarters of golf. 

 The old walls have been converted into a pleasant 

 promenade, but it retains the Fisher Gate and 

 Barbican, and offers a good deal of interest in 

 its two churches and hospitals, guildhall (1579), 

 grammar-school (1564), a house that lodged Queen 

 Elizabeth, and other quaint old buildings. Rich- 

 borough, 1J mile N., was the Roman Rutupi<e, 

 the predecessor of Sandwich, like which it declined 

 9 the sea receded from its port. A great fortress, 

 460 feet square, it still has a wealth of Homan 

 remains walls, towers, the base of a pharos, and a 

 castrensian amphitheatre. Sandwich was made a 

 borough by Edward III., and with Deal and Walmer 

 returned two members, Inn was finally disfranchised 

 in 1885. Pop. ( 1851 ) 2966 ; ( 1891 ) 2796. 



See works by Boys (1792), Smith (1830), Bell (1831), 

 and Montagu Burrows (1888). 



Sandwich, EDWARD MONTAGU, EARL OP, 

 born 27th July 1625, fought for the parliament at 

 Marston Moor, sat in the House of Commons 1645- 

 48, divided the command of the fleet with Blake 

 from 1653, and used his position to forward the 

 Restoration : hence his earldom. He commanded in 

 several battles against the Dutch, was ambassador 

 tn Spain in 1666-69, and lost his life in a naval 

 engagement with the Dutch, 28th May 1672. TJie 

 fourth earl (1718-92) is famous as the inventor of 

 sandwiches, which he could eat without having to 

 rise from the gaming-table. 



Sandwich Islands. See HAWAII. 



Sand-worm, a general name for any of the 

 numerous worms living in the sand of the shore. 

 Most of them are Cluutopods, with set on their 

 feet, but the title might also include forms without 

 setae, such as the Nemerteans and the Sipunculids. 

 The fisherman's Lobworm (q.v.) is one or the most 

 important of the more sedentary sand-worms ; the 

 tulies of Terebella conchilega mostly composed of 

 fragments of shell are familiar on the flat beach ; 

 while hidden under stones or burrowing deeply in 

 the sand there are numerous species of errant 

 Chietopods, lielonging to the genera Nereis, Neph- 

 thys, Polynoe, Syllis, &c. 



Sand wort (Arenaria), a numerous genus of 

 plants belonging to the natural order Caryophyl- 

 Jacese. The species are small, much-branched 

 annuals, or tufted or prostrate perennials, usually 

 glabrous and having small white flowers like those 

 of the common chickweed, to which they are closely 

 related. The Sea Sandwort (A. marina) has 

 sprouts so succulent that in Cornwall and the Isle 

 of Wight they are pickled and sold as samphire. 

 426 



Sandy Hook, a narrow sandy peninsula of 

 New Jersey, between the Atlantic and Sandy 

 Hook Bay, ]6 miles S. of New York. It extends 

 some 6 miles northwards into New York Lower Bay. 

 Near the north point are a fort, a fixed electric light 

 90 feet high ( 1894), and a life-saving station. 



Sandy Point. See PATAGONIA, 



Sail Felipe, ( 1 ) capital of the Chilian province 

 of Aconcagua, in the fertile valley of the Aconcagua, 

 60 miles ENE. of Valparaiso. Pop. 12,000. (2) A 

 town of Lara state in Venezuela, 140 miles W. by 

 S. of Cardcas, in a district producing much coffee, 

 cacao, sugar, and indigo. Pop. 7000. See also 

 JATIVA. 



San Fernando, a Spanish town on the same 

 Isle of Leon on which Cadiz stands, is near the head 

 of the bay and 9 miles by rail from Cadiz, Much 

 salt is manufactured from sea-water. Pop. 29,287. 



San Francisco, the largest city of the Pacific 

 coast, and the commercial emporium of California, 

 is situated in 37 47' 22" N. lat. 

 and 1:>2 25' 40-76" W. long. The 

 city occupies the end of a penin- 

 sula, having the ocean on one side and the Bay of 

 San Francisco on the other. The site is uneven, 

 embracing many hills, of which the highest ones, 

 known as the Twin Peaks, are 925 feet high and 

 form a crown of an amphitheatre of hills. In the 

 built-up portion of the city several of these hills 

 are covered with handsome residences, from which 

 a magnificent view of the surrounding country with 

 the bay and ocean can be had. The entrance to the 

 bay is through the Golden Gate, a waterway about 



Copyright 1892. 1897, and 

 1900 in the U.S. by J. H. 

 LlpplDcott Compauy. 



5 miles long by 1 mile wide. The Bay of San Fran- 

 cisco gives the city much of its commercial impor- 

 tance. It extends from Fort Point past the city in 

 a southerly direction for about 40 miles, varying 

 in width from 6 to 12 miles. Northwards, this 

 bay connects by a strait with San Pablo Bay, 

 10 miles in length, having at its northerly end 

 Mare Island and the Navy Yard. This bay is 

 again connected with Suisuu Bay, i miles long. 



