148 



SANHITA 



SANKABA 



widely different opinions respecting the jurisdiction 

 and competence of the Sanhedrim at the time of 

 Christ and the apostles. It has even been ques- 

 tioned how far, save for a few matters of small 

 importance, it may be said to have existed at all, 

 curtailed and circumscribed as it was by the 

 Romans, who seem to have recognised only the 

 'high-priest.' Nor is it agreed whether it was 

 really from the Sanhedrim at all some of those 

 well-known acts recorded in the New Testament 

 had their origin ; and it is diflicult to account, by 

 what we know of it* constitution, for many of 

 the proceedings against the apostles ascribed to 

 this body. 



See the histories- of the Jews by Ewald, HcrzfcM, .Tost, 

 Graetz, Kuenen, and others; llausrath's Neutatamcnt- 

 licht Zeityetchichte (18ti8); SchUrer's History / lite 

 Jetcuh People in the Time of Jena Christ (Kng. trans. 

 1886-90). 



SailllitA is the name of that portion of the 

 Vedas which contains the Mantras or hymns. See 

 VEDA. 



Sanidine, a clear, glassy variety of orthoclase. 

 See FELSPAR. 



Sanitation, in the widest sense of the word, 

 is the .science of sanitary conditions and of preserv- 

 ing health, and is accordingly synonymous with 

 Hygiene ; but the term is usually restricted to the 

 methods and apparatus for making and maintain- 

 ing houses healthy, for removing waste and nui- 

 sance by means of drainage and otherwise, for 

 securing abundance of fresh air, and for the ex- 

 cluding of poisonous gases, especially sewer gas 

 in short, the province of the sanitary engineer. 

 Sanitary science falls under various heads in this 

 work : a sketch of the progress of sanitary know- 

 ledge and legislation is sketched under HYGIENE. 

 Other branches of the subject are treated in the 

 articles on Food and Diet, on Contagion, Infec- 

 tion, Disinfectants, Antiseptics, the Germ Theory 

 of Disease, on Baths, Gymnastics, Hospitals, 

 Nursing, and the Feeding of Infants, on Lodg- 

 ing-houses, the Factory Acts, Slaughter-houses, 

 Nuisance, and Vital Statistics. The relation of 

 churchyards to health, and legislation in that regard, 

 is dealt with in the article Burial, and in that on 

 Cremation. The subjects of Building, Ventilation, 

 Warming, and Water-supply are dealt with under 

 their own heads, and one of the most important 

 subjects in sanitary science how to remove waste 

 substances without offence to health by drainage, 

 how, by trapping and other methods, to prevent 

 the entrance of poisonous sewer gases into lied- 

 rooms and dwelling-rooms through fixed wash- 

 hand-basins and bath-rooms is treated in the 

 article on Sewage. The diseases that arise from 

 blood-poisoning by foul air, poisonous gases, and 

 lack or precautions to secure cleanliness are dealt 

 with in the articles on Disease, Typhoid and 

 Typhus Fevers, Jail Fever, Diphtheria, Pyiumia, 



me. 



San jak. a Turkish word signifying 'a standard,' 

 is employed to denote a subdivision of a vilayet. 



Kan Joaqilln', a river of California, rises in 

 the Sima Nevada, and runs first SW., then NNW. 

 to Sui-mi Bay, near the mouth of the Sacramento 

 River. It receives numerous branches the 

 Merced, Tuolumne, Stanislaus, &c. and has a 

 course of 400 miles, mostly navigable for small 

 steamboat*. 



Han JoK(t, capital of Santa Clara county, 

 California, on the Guadalnpe River, 8 miles from 

 the Bay and 60 miles by rail SE. of the city of San 

 Francisco. Besides a line court-house and a city 

 hall, it contains the state normal school and a 

 Roman Catholic college (Notre Dame) for girls; 

 and the University of the Pacific (Methodist 



Episcopal; 1852) and the Roman Catholic Santa 

 Clara College re both at Santa Clara, close by. 

 I. irk Avenue extends from San .In-,' to tin- Lick 

 Observatory (q.v.). The city enjoys a dry and 

 delightful rli mate, has wide streets and thrM 

 parks, and is noted fqr its gardens and fruit. Its 

 manufactories include a number of foundries, fruit- 

 canneries, woollen and Hour mills, a furniture 

 factory, &c. ; and much wiuc is made in tin- ne 

 bourliood. Pop. (1880) 12,57; (1890) 18,060. 



San Josl, ( 1 ) the capital nince 1823 of Costa 

 Rica, in a fertile plain (altitude, 3711 feet), is 104 

 miles by rail W. by S. of Limon, th Atlantic sea- 

 port. The streets are regular and well kept, with 

 many squares and two large parks ; the houses are 

 low, and nearly all of brick, with gray-tiled^ sloping 

 roofs. It has government buildings, presidenti.il, 

 national, and episcopal palaces, cathedra I. seminary, 

 i In- old university buildings (now a museum and 

 national library), two colleges for young men and 

 women, the covered market, a small Protestant 

 church, nii<l the hospitals (one for lepers) HIM! 

 asylums. The principal manufactory is the govern- 

 ment distillery (a monopoly)) the others include 

 steam flour-mills and two foundries. Population, 

 30,000. (2) A port of Guatemala, on the Pacific, 

 80 miles by rail from the capital. It bos only an 

 open roadstead, with an iron j>ier running out past 

 the surf, but not to where ships can approach. It 

 has, however, a considerable trade: the imports 

 alone reach 250,000. Pop. 1500. (3) A town of 

 Lower California, on the south-east coast, with an 

 insecure harbour, but much visited by the whalers. 

 Pop. 2500. (4) A thriving inland town of Uruguay, 

 capital of the southern depart incut of the same 

 name, 60 miles by rail NNW. of Montevideo. Pop. 

 6000. See also CUCUTA. 



San Juan', ( 1 ) a frontier province of the Argen- 

 tine Republic, bordering on Chili. Area, 37,697 sq. 

 m. The surface is partially occupied by the Andean 

 and pampa mountains, and the province is rich in 

 minerals, mainly unworked, except the coal. Agri- 

 culture lucerne, corn, and grapes is the chief on- u - 

 pation. Pop. (1896) 85,480. San Juan, the capital, 

 on the river San Juan, is 735 miles by rail \V. by N. 

 of Buenos Ayres and 98 N. of Mendoza. It exports 

 cattle and fodder to Chili, and has a custom house, 

 a national college, normal school, school of engin- 

 eering, and a seminary, a library, hospitals for men 

 and women, a gaol, public liaths, a boll-ring, \c. 

 I'op. 12,000. (2) Of several San Juans in Mexico 

 the chief is in Queretaro, 191 miles by rail NW. of 

 Mexico city, with fruit and market gardens, and 

 10,000 inhabitants. (3) For San Juan del Norte in 

 Nicaragua, see GREYTOWN. (4) For San Juan in 

 J nan de Fuca Strait, see FUCA. 



San Juan, or SAN JUAN BAUTISTA DE PUERTO 

 Rico, the capital and chief seaport of Porto Rico, 

 on a small island of the north coast, connected with 

 the mainland by bridges and a fortified causeway. 

 It is well laid out, but lacks sanitary arrangements, 

 and has an excellent harbour. The manufactures 

 are unimportant. Pop. ( 1899) 32,048. 



Sankara. or SANKARA ACHARVA ( ' the spirit- 

 ual teacher Sankara'), one of the most renowned 

 theologians of India. His date, placed by tradition 

 about 200 B.C., but by the best authorities in the 

 8th or 9th century after Christ, is unknown. Most 

 account- make him a native of Malabar, and a 

 member of the caste of the Namhuri Brahmans. 

 All accounts represent him as having led an erratic 

 life, and engaged in successful controversies with 

 other sects. He may l>e regarded as having finally 

 brought into its completed form the Vedanta philo- 

 sophy or M imansa ; he taught that there was one 

 sole supreme God, and is the origin of the sect of 

 Smarta Brahmans. Towards the close of his lif 



