8ANSON 



SANTA CRUZ 



155 



(c. 500), Varahamihira's BrihatsariihitA (c. 540), 

 Brahmagup.ta's Brahmasiddh&nta (c. 625), and 

 Bhaskara Acharya's Stiryasfiromcwi ( 1150). 



Sansoil. See EXECUTION. 



Sansovino, ANDREA CONTUCCI DEL MONTE, 

 Florentine sculptor, was born at Monte Sansovino 

 in 1460. He worked in Florence, Portugal, Rome, 

 and Loreto. He died in 1529. See Life by Schon- 

 feld (1881). His pupil, JACOPO SANSOVINO or 

 TATTI (1477-1576), sculptor and architect, was 

 born in Florence, and lived from 1527 in Rome. 



Sans Sonci. See POTSDAM. 



San Ster'ano, a village 6 miles W. of Con- 

 stantinople, where was signed (3d March 1878) 

 the preliminary Russo- Turkish agreement. 



Santa Ana, a town of Salvador, 40 miles in- 

 land, with trade in coffee ; pop. 15,000. 



Santa-Anna, ANTONIO LOPEZ DE, president 

 of Mexico, was born in Jalapa, 21st February 1795. 

 At the age of fifteen he entered the Spanish army, 

 and served against his countrymen until 1821, when 

 he joined Iturbide, who made him brigadier and 

 governor of Vera Cruz. Iturbide had established 

 an imperial rule over Mexico (q.v.), but in 1822 

 Santa-Anna proclaimed a republic, and brought 

 about his patron's downfall. In 1828 he headed a 

 rising which placed Guerrero in the presidential 

 chair ; and in 1829 he defeated and captured a 

 division of Spanish troops which had landed near 

 Tampico, with the view of again bringing Mexico 

 under Spanish rule. He now engaged in a series 

 of intrigues which culminated in an open revolt 

 against the president, Bustamente, in 1832, and 

 his own election. Santa-Anna, however, desired 

 power without responsibility for the irksome details 

 of government, and he retired to his country seat, 

 leaving the executive in the hands of the vice- 

 president : and when he ceased to be able to con- 

 trol this lieutenant, in 1834 he headed a rising 

 against him, and had him deposed in 1835, and 

 another appointed in his stead. But Santa- Anna's 

 reactionary policy, which reduced the states to 

 provinces and placed all the power in the hands of 

 the central government, in 1836 cost the country 

 Texas (q.v.). He invaded the revolted province 

 witli 6000 men, and defeated and massacred his 

 opponents with unbroken success until April, when 

 he was routed at San Jacinto by Houston, and 

 soon after taken prisoner. He escaped with eight 

 months' imprisonment and a short detention in the 

 United States ; but at home his influence was not 

 restored until, luckily, in 1838 the French attacked 

 Vera Cruz, and in the gallant defence of the city 

 he lost a leg. He was now encouraged to renew 

 his intrigues, which were again successful, and from 

 1841 to 1844 he was either president or the presi- 

 dent's master. Then there was a revolution on 

 the other side, the army deserted him, and he fled 

 towards the coast, but was arrested, imprisoned for 

 a time in 1845, and ultimately permitted to retire 

 to Havana. From this exile he was recalled in 



1846 to be first commander-in-chief and then presi- 

 dent. The war with the United States had begun, 

 and begun badly : Palo Alto and Resaca had been 

 lost, and in September Monterey fell. In February 



1847 Santa- Anna, who had brought together some 

 20,000 men, attacked Taylor's weakened force of 

 5000 at Bnena Vista ; but the narrow pass and 

 the strength of the American artillery were fatal 

 to him, and he was repulsed with heavy loss. At 

 Cerro Gordo, in April, Scott defeated him and took 

 3000 prisoners. Santa-Anna retired on the capital, 

 but when ite fall became certain he resigned the 

 presidency and withdrew from the city by night. 

 He was allowed to retire to Jamaica in 1848, but 

 was recalled by a revolution in 1853, and appointed 



by an obedient congress president for life, with the 

 title of Most Serene Highness. His harsh rule 

 quickly produced a number of revolts, and in 1855 

 he was driven from the country, finally finding a 

 refuge in St Thomas. On the establishment of the 

 empire under Maximilian he was permitted to re- 

 turn on condition of his not interfering in political 

 affairs ; but he could not refrain from intriguing 

 for himself and issuing the old proclamations, 

 and so before long Bazaine sent him back to St 

 Thomas. Even the appointment of grand-marshal 

 of the empire could not keep him faithful, and a 

 second conspiracy against Maximilian ended in 

 another flight. He now vainly endeavoured to 

 obtain employment against the empire, and in 

 1867, after the emperor's death, tried to effect a, 

 landing at Sisal ; he was captured and was sentenced 

 to death by a court-martial, but was pardoned on 

 condition of his leaving Mexico ; he returned in 

 1872 under the general amnesty, and died in the 

 capital, harmless and disregarded, 20th June 1876. 



Santa Caterina, a central town of Sicily, 9 

 miles NW. of Caltanisetta, with sulphur-mines 

 and manufacture of earthenware. Pop. 7200. 



Santa Catharina, a southern coast state of 

 Brazil, with an area of 27,436 sq. m. and a pop. 

 (1890) of 283,769. The coast is very irregular, the 

 interior mostly a plateau sinking gently to the 

 west. The climate is not unhealthy, but moist, 

 and thick primeval forests remain. Agriculture 

 and the rearing of cattle are the principal indus- 

 tries, largely carried on by colonies of Europeans. 

 The capital is Desterro ( 30,000 ), on the hilly, fertile 

 island of Santa Catharina (210 sq. m.). 



Santa Clara, or VILLA CLARA, a city of Cuba, 

 194 miles by rail ESE. of Havana. It is well built, 

 in a grazing and agricultural region, which yields 

 high-grade tobacco. Mines of gold, graphite, copper, 

 and asphalt are worked. Pop. ( 1899) 13,763. 



Santa Clara. See ABRAHAM-A-SANTA-CLARA. 

 Santa Clans. See NICOLAS (ST). 



Santa Cruz (also spelt Sainte Croix), (1) one 

 of the Virgin Islands, l>elonging to Denmark, with 

 an area of 74 sq. m. and a pop. (1890) of 19,783. 

 Sugar, rum, and cotton are the chief products ; the 

 capital is Christianstadt (pop. 5500). Discovered 

 by Columbus on his first voyage, the island was 

 held by Dutch, English, Spanish, French, and the 

 Knights of Malta at various dates, and was bought 

 by Denmark in 1733. (2) The largest of a "roup 

 of Melanesian islands, sometimes called Queen 

 Charlotte Islands, east of the Solomon archipelago 

 and 100 miles N. of the New Hebrides. The 

 largest is also called Nitendi (area, 216 sq. m.). 

 The kidnapping of natives for service in Australia 

 embittered the islanders, so that when Bishop 

 Patteson landed on Nukapu, one of the smaller 

 isles, he was murdered. Then some villages were 

 bombarded in retribution ; and in 1875 Commodore 

 Goodenough was murdered. (3) Santa Cruz, called 

 also Teneriffe, the capital of the Canary Islands 

 (q.v.), and the chief seaport of the group, stands 

 on the north-east side or the island of Teneriffe. 

 Its port, recently enlarged and improved, is pro- 

 tected by moles, and affords excellent anchorage. 

 It is a clean, well-built little town, with houses 

 of the Spanish style, fiat-roofed and with square 

 court-yards, and is defended by forts and redoubts. 

 It is the seat of a bishop and the headquarters of 

 the Spanish governor. This port is entered every 

 year by an average of 1585 vessels of 1,019,400 

 tons. The exports, chiefly potatoes, tomatoes, and 

 other garden produce, cochineal, wine and spirits, 

 tobacco, sugar, and grain, increase steadily in 

 value (248,774 in 1887 and 302,175 in 1889); 

 the imports, embracing coal, cotton and woollen 

 goods, hardware, and provisions, are also increasing 



