SANTEE 



SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO 157 



gold- washings. Pop. 8000. (3) A town of Boyaci 

 in Colombia, 9055 feet above the sea, with silver- 

 mines, and 6000 inhabitants. 



Sailtee, a river of South Carolina, is formed in 

 the centre of the state by the junction of the Con- 

 garee and Wateree, flows south-east, and empties 

 into the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 150 miles 

 long, and is navigable for steamboats to Columbia 

 and to Caindeu. 



_ Santerre. ANTOINE JOSEPH, a French revolu- 

 tionist, who for some time exercised an influence 

 quite out of proportion to his abilities, was born at 

 Paris, 16th March 1752. He followed the trade of 

 a brewer in the Faubourg Saint- An toine, and his 

 wealth and generosity gave him an immense influ- 

 ence in the district. On the establishment of the 

 National Guard in 1789 he received the command 

 of a battalion, and took part in the storming of the 

 Bastille. During the year 1792 the Jacobin agitators 

 of the faulwurgs often met in the brewery of San- 

 terre, and it was there that the emeate of the 20th 

 June was preconcerted, on which occasion Santerre 

 marched at the head of the mob who invaded the 

 National Assembly and turned out the Girondists. 

 He also played a conspicuous part on 10th August, 

 when he was made coramander-in-chief of the 

 National Guard. He was charged to keep order 

 at the execution of the king, and it was lie who 

 bade the drummers drown the king's voice when 

 he essayed to speak to the people from the scaffold. 

 On 30th July he was appointed a general of divi- 

 sion in the French army, and marched at the head 

 of 20,000 men against the Vendean royalists, but 

 was miserably beaten (18th September), and in 

 consequence recalled and imprisoned, and he only 

 obtained his liberty after the death of Robespierre. 

 He then withdrew into private life, and died 6th 

 February 1809. Though he was hugely fond of 

 'brave words,' and menaced his opponents with all 

 the bellico.'ie grandiloquence of a French revolu- 

 tionist, lie was nearly as soft at heart as he was 

 in the head. See Life by Cairo (Paris, 1847). 



SantliaN. See SANTALS. 



Santiago. See CAPE VERD ISLANDS. 



Santiago, the capital of Chili and of Santiago 

 province, stands in a wide and beautiful plain near 

 the western base of the Andes, 1700 feet above sea- 

 level, and 115 miles by rail ESE. of Valparaiso. 

 The snow-capped Cordilleras seem to enclose it on 

 the north and east ; while on the east side the 

 picturesque Cerro de Santa Lucia now dotted 

 with grottoes, statues, kiosks, restaurants, a his- 

 torical museum, and an observatory rises abruptly 

 within the city, some 800 feet from the level of the 

 plain. Through the northern part rolls a small 

 but turbulent stream, the Mapocho, now crossed 

 by live handsome bridges. The city is regularly 

 lui<l out, with streets comparatively broad, lit with 



as and the electric light, and tramways in all 

 irections ; most of the houses, however, are of one 

 story only, owing to the earthquakes (the most 

 serious have occurred in 1575, 1647, 1730, 1822, 

 1835), though handsome private buildings are 

 becoming every year more numerous. The prin- 

 cipal square is the great Plaza Independencia, its 

 sides formed by the government palaces, the Grand 

 English Hotel, several arcades, and the cathedral 

 and archbishop's palace. The cathedral is a large 

 plain building of brick and stone, but inside it is 

 very richly furnished. The Dominican church, 

 only recently completed, is also worthy of notice. 

 The Jesuit church which was burned down in 1863 

 has not been rebuilt ; and on the site, opposite the 

 capitol, a monument of marble and bronze has 

 been erected (1872) in memory of the 2000 wor- 

 hippera, mostly women, who perished in the fire. 

 The capitol itself is a large two-story building 



of yellow stucco. Other government buildings are 

 the mint, with the official residence of the presi- 

 dent; a large and well-managed prison; two ex- 

 cellent hospitals ; a deaf and dumb asylum, &c. 

 Santiago boasts a noble Alameda, with four rows 

 of fine poplars, running nearly the whole length of 

 the town, and adorned with numerous statues. 

 Facing it are the university (1842), with 912, and 

 the National Institute, with 1148 students. The 

 city has also a military school ; a school of arts ; 

 and a school of agriculture, with a large model 

 farm ; a conservatoire ; two normal schools ; a 

 valuable national library (1813), with 65,000 

 volumes ; botanical and zoological gardens ; expo- 

 sition buildings ; and finally, three theatres, 

 several club-houses, and a jockey-club. The sub- 

 urbs of Santiago are very pretty, with villas and 

 gardens bright with flowers. The climate is dry 

 and generally agreeable, but the changes of tem- 

 perature are somewhat trying. The city is of 

 importance as a commercial place, and it has a 

 busy stock exchange. Its manufactures include 

 cloth, ship's biscuits, beer, brandy, &c., and it has 

 also an ice-factory, a fruit-conserving establish- 

 ment, and copper-smelting works. Santiago was 

 founded by Pedro de Valdivia in 1541. Pop. ( 1865) 

 168,553 ; ( 1895)256,403. Areaof the province, 5223 

 sq. m. ; pop. ( 1895) 415,636. 



Santiago de Compostella, a city of Spain, 

 formerly the capital of Galicia, stands in a pictur- 

 esque situation, surrounded by hills, 33 miles S. by 

 W. of Corunna and 26 by rail NE. of its port, 

 Carril. Here in 835 the bishop of Iria discovered, 

 according to the legend, the bones of St James 

 (San lago), being guided to the spot by a star, 

 whence Compostella (campus Stella; = 'field of a 

 star'); the relics were in 1884 solemnly affirmed 

 by the pope to be still beneath the cathedral. 

 This building, Romanesque in style, was built 

 1078-1188, and contains some fine sculptures and 

 metal-work. It was the shrine that attracted 

 every 25th July so many thousands of pilgrims in 

 the middle ages, it being an especial favourite with 

 Englishmen. It is now, however, out of repute, 

 ana is scarcely ever visited. This fact and the 

 many ruined monasteries give the town a deserted 

 and dreary appearance. Nevertheless it is still an 

 archbishop's see, and has a university (1504) with 

 700 students, and a couple of colleges besides. 

 Gold and silver ornaments are made and linen is 

 woven. Pop. 24,302. The town is the headquar- 

 ters of the knightly order of Santiago of the Sword 

 (see ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD). For the festival 

 of St James, see Fraser's Magazine ( 1864). 



Santiago de Cuba, formerly the capital of 

 the island of Cuba, and now the chief town of the 

 eastern department, stands on a bay on the south 

 coast, and nas a harbour, deep, well protected, and 

 fortified. During the Spanish-American War of 

 1898 Santiago was besieged by the United States 

 forces ; the Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera, 

 which had taKen shelter in the harbour, made a 

 dash out (3d July), but all the ships were sunk or 

 captured. The town surrendered 17tb July. It 

 exports sugar, rum, cacao, coffee, tobacco, and 

 mahogany. Pop. (1899) 43,090. 



Santiago del Estero, a north central pro- 

 vince of the Argentine Republic, with an area of 

 39,510 sq. m. and a pop. ( 1886) of 150,000. Except 

 for a few insignificant sierras, it forms a vast plain, 

 inclining gently from the north-west to the south- 

 east. In the south-west and elsewhere there are 

 great salt marshes. The only rivers are the Salado 

 and Dulce ; agriculture ( sugar, maize, wheat, grapes, 

 cotton, tobacco) depends mainly on irrigation. 

 Cattle-farming is a leading industry. The capital, 

 Santiago, on the Rio Dulce, 760 miles by rail NNW. 



