IM 



8ANTIPUR 



>ANi: KT-l.olKK 



ol BVMMM Ayre, WM founded in 1553, has a national 

 college ami a normal school, and a pop. of 10,000. 



KaaUpar, a town of Bengal on the Hoogbly, 

 43 mile* N. of Calcutta. l'.|.. 29.887. 



Matin, or SBSTIS, a mountain on the tmrdera 

 of the Swiss cant. >n~ of St Call ami Appenzell, con- 

 sists of three parallel ridge*, separated liy deep 

 valley* and connected by lofty Middle*. The 

 UfbHl |iint i* 8216 feet above sea level. There 

 are on the mountain, which command* very beauti- 

 ful view*, an observatory (since 1887) and a hotel. 



S:lllll<->. ' II \-ll-. buttOM -.'i-.!. 'A. i- >-!:: 



in Liverpool on ->:li Ki-liruary 1834, and trained as 

 a singer partly in Milan ( 1406-67). He made lib 

 first appearance in England in Haydn'* Crtatiun in 

 1857, singing the iwirt of Adam. Two yean 

 later he miule hix debut on the state of Covent 

 Garden; and three year* later still he ma<le hi* 

 first essay in Italian opera. He waa even better 

 known from hi* appearances at concerts and in 

 oratorio. In IslfJ. when lie had largely withdrawn 

 from pulilic \\nrk. he publUhed hia reminiscences, 

 Student NI/ Singer. 

 Santo Doiiiiimo. See SAN DOMINOO. 



Hanto EsplritU. a city of Cuba. ! miles by 

 rail NNK. of Zaza, its seaport, on tli south roast. 

 It IK damp and tinhealthful. Pop. ( 1890) 12,696. 



Santonin, (',,H 1B O,, is a crystalline neutral 

 principle extracted from Santoiiica. thelntler licing 

 deiine.l in the Iliiti-li I'lianuacopo-ia ax the dried 

 unex panded Mower-head* or capittila of Artemisia 

 maritiuui, var. Stechmanniano. The plant grows 

 in Kussio, and belongs to the natural order Coin 

 po*itn>. Santonin occurs in brilliant white flat 

 crystal*, which become yellow on exposure to light. 

 few specimen* U-in-; colourless unless they have 

 been recently prepared or very carefully kept in the 

 dark. It i* odourless, and almost tasteless ; prac- 

 tically insoluble in water. Santonin U used in 

 medicine solely as an anthelmintir, and is especially 

 poisonous to the round worm (Atcarit lumbrt- 

 eoidet), being much less so to the thread-worm 

 (Oxyuri* vermicuiaru). The done U 2 to 6 grains 

 for an adult, and I to 4 grains for a child ; it may 

 be given in powder, alone or mixed with sugar, 

 or dissolved in a little olive or castor oil, or as 

 the officinal lozenge (1 grain in each). It should 

 be used with caution in weakly children. It is 

 excreted in the urine, tc which it imparts a deeper 

 yellow colour, changing to red if the urine become 

 alkaline. On colour vision it has often a peculiar 

 effect, the cause of which has never been satixfac- 

 torily determined. Object* appear first purple or 

 blue and then yellow, colour vision becoming finally 

 destroyed. 



Hantorln, or THERA, an island of the .Egean, 

 the MiiitherriiniHt of the Cyclades, 70 mile* N. of 

 Crete. It in shaped like a crescent, llie horns 

 pointing west; between them lies the island of 

 Therasia. The space so enclosed, 18 miles in 

 circuit, resembles a volcanic crater, and three 

 nail islands it encloses (the Kaumenes) are all of 

 volcanic origin. Hantorin and Therasia have lofty 

 and precipitous shores (up to 1000 feet) next the 

 crater ; on their outer sides they slope away gradu- 

 ally to the sea, except that in the south-east of the 

 former Mount St Kliiw rises to 1887 feet The 

 chief town, Thera or 1'hera. on the west coast of 

 Kantorin, i* built in the cliff-, of tufa and perched 

 some BOO feet above the water's edge. Top. of 

 island (1889) 17,382. Excellent wine is grown on 

 toe disintegrated volcanic soil. Kruptions have 

 taken place, chiefly near the Kaumenes, in the 

 years 196 B.C., 796 A.I>., 1.173. IKK), 1707, and 1866. 

 Interesting prehistoric dwellings, containing pot- 

 tery """I other remains, have been found in the 



southern half of Saiitorin. The pottery is believed 

 to be older than that oi .M\reiw. There are also 

 ruins of Greek temples and other buildings. This 

 island is regarded as the spedUl home of the 

 \ ampins. See Tozer. Itlatuli of the ^Kgeait ( 1890 ) ; 

 Kouuuc. &iHt<-riii -/ * AtptioM (Paris, 1879); 

 and Bent, (,'yelndet ( 1885 ). 



Kantos, a poit of the state of Sao Paulo in 

 Brazil, founded in 1546, on the island of Sao 

 Vicente, and at the foot of the church-crowned 

 Monserrate. It has fine wharves, gax and tram- 

 ways, and a good water-supply; lint it is a hot, 

 dirty, damp, unhealthy place, and vcllow fever is 

 endemic. A railway (4(1 miles, 5 of them by cable 

 up the Serrn do IsMP 9BOO feet ) connects it with 

 Sao Paulo, whose port it is. Of the exporU the 

 principal item i roil'ec. Pop. 15,000. 



San Vlcentr, a pretty town of Salvador, 40 

 miles NK. ot San Salvador, close to an extinct 

 volcano of the same name, whose sides are among 

 the most fertile places in the world, and produce 

 especially coffee, indigo, and toliacco. Pop. 6000. 



Sao FrnnrisOO, a large river of Brazil, ri-rs in 

 the south-west part of the state of Minas Geraes, 

 tlows north, north-east, ami cast-south-east to the 

 Atlantic, and in its lower course separates the 

 states of Bahia and Scrgipe from Pernambuco and 

 Alagoas. Length, about 1800 miles ; drainage area, 

 248,000 sq. m. It is navigable a- far up as iis 

 junction with the I'arao|>eba, except nt three points 

 at the rapids of Tirapora, near the frontier of 

 Bahia, and when- it breaks tlnoii^h the granite 

 wall of the coast range, and forms the falls of 

 Paulo Alfonso (275 feet); traffic is carried past 

 this last point by a railway (68 miles). Over the 

 wide mouth there U a bar, with only 10 feet of 

 water. 



Saone, a river of France, an affluent of the 



Illionc (<|.v. i, rises in the ilept. of Noshes, in the 

 Faucelles Mountains, flows south ucst as far as 

 Chalons, thence south to the Rhone at Lyons. It 

 is joined by the Doubs from the left. Entire 

 length. 282 miles, of which 170 are navigable. 

 Area of basin, 11,418 sq. m. See Hamerton's 

 The Saint : a Summer Voyage ( 1887 ), a description 

 of the river with numerous illustrations. 



Suone. HAUTE, a department in the east of 

 France, slopes south-west from the southern ex- 

 tremity of the V'osges, whose spurs diversify the 

 north-east. It is watered chielly liv the SaAne 

 and its tributaries. Forests abound everywhere 

 i :u percent, of area). One-half of the total area 

 of 2061 s<|. m. U cultivable. The principal 

 natural products are wheat, potatoes, and oats, 

 iron, coal, and salt ; and the manufactured, iron 

 goods, glass and pottery, brick*, paper, and 

 cottons. !' ru it, e-|nviall\ cherries, is extensively 

 cultivated. There are several mineral springs, the 

 best known at Luxeuil. Pop. (1861) 317,183; 

 (1896) 272,891. The arrondiiwementK are Gray, 

 Lure, and Vesoul ; and Vesoul is the capital. 



SaOne-et-Loire, one of the largest depart- 

 ment/it of France, part of ancient Itur^undy, is 

 bounded on the SE. by the Soone and on the \V. by 

 the Loire. Area, 3300 *q. m. ; jop. ( 1896) 621,237. 

 The country consist* for the most part of fertile 

 plains, separated by rich vine clad hills. The 

 wines, of which 11,000,000 gallons are made 

 annually, are well known as rint de MArxm. 

 Agriculture, iron and coal mining, and nianu- 

 ires of cotton fabric*, pottery, iron rails and 

 plates, machinery, engines, glass, &c. are carried 

 on. The cattle are an exceptionally line breed 

 (white). There ore five arrondisw-menU Autun, 

 Chalon, Charolles, Lonhan, and Macon ; capital, 

 Mftcon. The iron-town of Creusot, the pilgrimage 



