160 



HAPKOPHYTIC PLANTS 



. . r. tlie imiiii- K<> en t. a private soldier in 

 Uw corps of Itoyal Knginerrn (<|.v. ). 



Hupphlrr. a gem excelled in vain* by no 

 pfMtan stone r\ri-|it itUnifiml. and regarded an a 

 variety at Cornmliitii (q.v.t, ln-hlv transparent 

 and brilliant. It is ~>nirtinin< colourless or nearly 

 more freqnentK \lul.n- exquisite colom, 

 p-nrrally a bright ml M c. the niliy ) or a beautiful 

 blue the latter being that commonly called 

 sapphire. l'urplih or greenish colour indicate* a 

 flaw ; and uoual defects are cloiuU. milky spots, 

 flakes, or stripe*. It in found crystallised,' usually 

 in six-sided prism*, terminated by N i.\ -sided 

 pyramid* ; it i sometimes found imbedded in 

 gneia*, luit more frequently occur* in alluvial 

 oil*, ll occurs in liohemia and Saxony. but 

 European nauphire* are of no commercial import- 

 aaee. The tinwi arc found in Ceylon ; Cashmere 

 and Burma also produce fine specimens ; and 

 sapphire* are found in Victoria, New South 

 Wales, and parU of the I'nited State*. The value 

 depends on quality more than on -i/e. and does 

 not iiiiTaw with tne iiize an does that of the ruby. 

 Smaller onm vary fnmi C-J to 12, carat sized ones 

 from 12 to fiV One of 165 carats, shown at the 

 ParU Exhibition of 1867, wan sold for HOOO. In 



spite of it* hardness it is sometimes engraved. It 

 is doubtful if the sapphirus named in Scripture 

 our sapphire or the Hyacinth (q 

 le sapphire' (as in Browning) the ancient* 



H 



iptui 

 l!v 



nt adark liuml or indigo sapphire, by a ' female 

 aapphire ' one pale blue, approaching to white. 



Kappho. one of the great poeteme* of the 

 world, was born either at Mitylene or at Eresos in 

 Lenbo*. She was only six yean old when she lost 

 her father Scamandronymn*, and she most have 

 flourished about the end of the 7th century B.C., 

 aa she was contemporary with Alr.ru-.. Ste-ichora*, 

 and PitUcu*. But little U known with certainty 

 of her life, save that she had a daughter HMMd 

 Cleis, and was acquainted with Alca-us. We are 

 told, with miirh lens certainty, that she lied almut 

 596 from Mitylene to some place of refuge in Sicily, 

 but after some years was again at Mitvlene, the 

 .-litre of a group of ^irlx with a pansion for poetry. 

 H>T famous plunge into the sea from the Leu- 

 cadian rock, because Phaon did not return her 

 love, seems to have no historical foundation what- 

 ever. The traditional account of her moral 

 character was first assailed by Welcker (1816), 

 who carried his argument to the absurd extreme 

 of making her a paragon of virtue. Thin view 

 U and Colonel Mure both attacked, and the 

 MOgies* of tne controversy may be seen in the 

 MttHiiekM Miaevm ( 1837-88). Without Miering 

 her the exceptionally immoral woman of Creek 

 tradition, we can scarcely take her at Welcker'* 

 valuation, looking at the poetry iUelf and the easy 

 standard of her age. lint about the much more im- 

 portant question of her genius there can be no 

 doubt whatever. For sincerity. ,!..,,( i, ,,f f,,.|ing, 

 paixion, and exquwite grace of form h-r l\n.- 

 tan.1 alone among the masterpiece* of antiquity. 

 H-r poems were divided by the Alexandrine 

 scholars into nine books, according to their metres. 

 Bat two of her odes, one to Aphrodite, with a 

 numlxT of short fragments, are extant M<| of 

 these were composed in the metre named from 

 her the tapphit itropfu, rendered familiar from ito 

 use by Horace. 



Tb bsst tort U toat contained in IW-rgk'i Potta 



*< ' >- >. P 

 ( Vinn,lK7fi); Arnold. 

 ); K.hl, ( ID A 



Zu. 1888); Soban,, (/to M *M , 

 +r Sn PP l> a (Uto. 1W7 ): and HTrT Wbarlon'i 

 jfmt Uit, with lifi. trsmhtion, Ac. (Load. 

 ). Tb Urt ooftUin* s good bibliogrmpbx of the books 



sad papers written on Sappho, to which may be added 

 to* metrical translation by James 8. Uwby-Sraith 

 (Wellington. IW1 1. 



Kaprolrnla. See SALMON, p. 117. 



SapropliMlc Plaat8 are plaiite that feed 

 ii|Nin .li-,-:i\ inj; or^anif matt.T. In eonnHM ith 

 many of the 1'aranitic Plants (q.v i. which are 



plant* that liv on or in ami at tl \| 



oUier orxHiii>m>. they are often ilevoiil of chlom- 

 phyll. The reason of llii- |..-.-iiliiiiit\ i olivinuH. 

 < 'lilorophy II U'in^' the ni.-it.-iiiil u>eil liy ordinary 

 plant* for the <leooni|Hi>ition of the carbonic a. i.l 

 of the air in order that they may retain the 

 arUm, innl with it huild up all the carbon eoui- 

 IMMIII.U chanicleristic of organic nature (nee VEOE- 

 TAIII.K 1'llYsnii.iHiV), it is plain that those plant* 

 which in virtue of a saprophytic or a completely 

 Danuotic habit obtain their earlion compounds ready- 

 made up to a certain point do not require a pecial 

 mechanism of green Mnti to manufacture those 

 coin|Miiiiidx. If the Haprophytisiii ! not complete 

 or 'jinn-' theie will lie at leaxt ome chlorophyll 

 remaining, as in the flowering axis of the orchid 

 Neottia. Saprophyte* may obtain their nourish- 

 ment and especially their carbon compounds either 

 from the remains of dead organising or from organic 

 compounds formed by living organianift. The 

 fungi that live upon the bark of trees and the 

 leaf-soil of forents and meadows (e.g. mushrooms) 

 are examples of the former case ; those that feed 

 upon the juice of fruits and sugar} 1 solutions (e.g. 

 moulds and yeast*) of the latter case. Example* 

 of saprophyte* are found in the Phanerogams, the 

 Fungi, and the Bacteria. Among the Phanero- 

 gani!i are some common native Orchids Neottia, 

 Corallorhiza, l.attro-a, and Monotiop.'u After 

 prolonged nourishment within the loose humus such 

 plants send up flowering shoot* alnive the surface. 



Fungi (q.v.) may ! physiologically classified as 

 p.-nasites and saprophytes but this classification 

 doe* not coincide w ith a morphological one. Further, 

 there are certain species which lie between the two 

 extremes, and these may be described as parasite* 

 which may become w holly or in part saprophytic, 

 through tne whole course of their dewloMMBt or 

 during certain stages of it; and also there are 

 saprophytes which, with the *ame variations, may 

 become parasitic. Hence the complete physio- 

 logical classification of the Fungi becomes* (1) 

 Pure saprophyte* ; (2) 'Facultative^ saprophytes 

 Le. parasite* which become saprophytic ; (3) 'Obli- 

 gate' J*rasites- i.e. species to which the ]ia.nisitic 

 life i- indispensable ; (4) Facultative' parasih -. 



The external conditions necessary for the com- 

 mencement of germination of Fungi are the same 

 as those needful to the germs and seeds of other 

 plants : they are a certain temperature, a supply 

 of oxygen and of water, in certain cases a supply 

 of nutrient Kiilwtances. The spores of the I'eieno- 

 s|M>re. and of the I'redinen* germinate on droim of 

 iiure water; nutrient solutions may even I*, a 

 hindrance. The Mucorini, on the other hand, emit 

 only ni.limentnn ftm-tUM in pure water; they 

 require a nutrient solution for germination. Moat 

 Fungi vary towards one extreme or other accord- 

 ing to the species. 



A further characteristic of many Fungi is that 

 certain s|H>cies are only to be foiimf IIIKIH a specific 

 siiUtratum. For instance, the Saecharomycetes, 

 which excite alcoholic fermentation, app.'-ai on 

 fruit* only when these are ripe, and in the wiritei 

 are found in soil around t hose plant* whose rii>e fruit 

 they attack, and very rarely in any other place. 

 Further, the effect upon the sulistratum varies with 

 the specie* to a greater or less extent On the 

 other hand, many diverse specie* live on the same 

 snlwtratutn and effect the same result* upon it 

 e.g. many species of Saccharomycete* and certain 



