in 



HARASWAT! 



SARD 



only light piece*, chiefly Spanish dance 



Haraxwall i. in Hindu Mythology, the name of 

 the wife, ur tin- female energy," of tin- god Brahma, 

 the lir>t of the Hindu Tnranrti or triad. Sin- 

 it also the goddess of s|>eech and eloquence, the 

 patruneiw of music and the arts, anil tin- itivcntrc-s 

 of the Sanskrit language and the Devanagart 

 Irtterm. 



Saratoff. a city of Russia, on the right luuik of 

 the Volga, exactly 500 mile* by rail SK. ..i Moscow. 

 It i- a city "i broad street* and fine squares, and 

 stands on terrace* rifting from the river. There are 

 nearly thirty chiuchm : a handsome new ratheilrnl 

 (1825), an old cathedral (1097), and Hadistclidi s 

 Museum, sheltering a fine art gallery and a library. 

 Manufacture* of brandy, liqueurs. Hour, oil, ami 

 tobacco are carried on. rahfag is prosecuted in 

 the river, and market gardening (especially fruit 

 and tin- sunflower) in tin- virinity. There i* an 

 important trade in corn. Halt, iron, wooden wares, 

 textiles, ami groceries. Tin- population has grown 

 rapidly ."i<l,0" in ls*i : TO.INNI in lsi;o : |:<7.1<>!l in 

 1897. The city wan pillaged by I'liuaichetl' in 1774, 

 and roffered severely fnini lire several times during 

 the 19th century. The ijnr, nun- ut. the east side 

 of which i- washed by tin- Volga, lias much fertile 

 foil, growing rye, onto, wheat, oil plants, and flax ; 

 it ha- few Industrie* except agriculture, distilling, 

 ml corn-grinding. l<ut consider. -il,]e trade. It was 

 colom-.-,! in tlic ,-nd ,,| the iMh eentury. The 

 i-op illation. J.4I9.K4 ill 1S1I7, embraces' .several 

 nourishing Uennan colonies (pop. 120,000) which 

 settled here in 1763 tVi. Total :ire. :K,tii>4 sq. in. 



Saratoga Springs, one of the chief watering 

 places in the I nittil States, is in New York. :ts 

 miles by rail V of Alluiny. It contains more than 

 a More of mineral spring*, whose waters, prescribed 

 in diseases of the liver, chronic dys|>epsia, &c. , are 

 bottled in large quantities for c\|>ortation. In the 

 Tillage are a large numlier of hotels, some accom- 

 modating over 1000 guest.*. Tl is a race-track, 



and regattas are held on Saratoga Lake, 4 miles 

 <litant. Twelve miles to the east a handsome 

 ol'li-k (1*77 i. I.V. feet high, on a bluff 350 fet 

 above the Hudson Kirer aniFovcrlooking the scene, 

 commemorates the surrender of Iturgovne (q.v.) to 

 Oaten, on Uctolter 17, 1777. Pop. (1890) 11,975. 



Sara'wak, a state on the north-west of the 

 island of Itortnsi. in the East Indies, placed by its 

 ruler, Itajuh Hrooke, in 1888 under the protection 

 of Itritain. The Chinese Sea washes its north-west 

 ide ; on the north-east is the protected state of 

 Krunei ; and on even' other side it is surrounded 

 by hutch Borneo. The boundaries next Dutch 

 Borneo were fixed by an Anglo- 1 hitch i-omniis-iun 

 ap|Hiinted in 1891. The area of Sarawak is c-ti 

 mated to IN- 41,000 to 45,000 sq. m., and its pop. 

 900,000. The coast belt is in nianv parts low, the 

 interior hilly, rising to close BpdB 80(K) feet near 

 Uie frontiers. The country is drained by a numlM-r 

 of short streams, several of which liave wide 

 e*tuarie; the longest, the Itaiang, has a sinuous 

 course of 350 miles, and is easily navigable for I.Vi 



mill-, up. The state contains s valuable 



minerals : antimony, quicksilver, gold, and coal 

 an- mined to some "ex tent, and cop|N>r, diamonds, 

 and msnganme exist, though hardly in paying 

 quantities. Th- mo-t ini|H>rtant prmliicts are sago, 

 pepper, gunliier. gutta-percha, imlia rul>lT, birds' 

 !. rattans, tea, cofTe.-, and timl-cr. all of which 

 at- \|N>rted. Trade is carrieil on principally with 

 Hinga|N>n.. The exports average 234,800, the 

 import. f.ir!.7<m year. The people consist prin- 

 cipally of Malay-, Chinese, and Dyalcs. Chief 

 l.n. Kucbing. with n tiop. of 25,000, standing 20 

 miles up thn Sarawak Ki>ei Dying in 1868, Sr 



James Brooke (q.v.) was succeeded by his nephew, 

 Sir C. J. Brooke, who, after greatly extending his 

 territory northwards after 1881, put it in 

 under ihe protection of Itritain. The Knglish 

 bUhop of Singapore is also bishop of Sarawak. 



SN> Spencer 8t John, Life in Du farad of thr Far 

 Rut ( 1862) ; Charles Brooke, Ten Yearn in Summit 

 (1846) ; N. Denison, Tour among* tiu land Ityati of 

 Upper Borneo ( Singapore, 1879 ) ; Helms, J'ioiirrriny in 

 Oir far Katt ( 1882) ; and books quoted at BBOOUC. 



>:ir<--ncl. SeeSARSNET. 



Sjirclnn. See BACTERIA, Vol. I. p. 647. 



Snrrorystls. See GREOARINIDA. 



Nurrodc. See PROTOPLASM. 



Snrcolemina i* the term applied to the deli 

 cate sheath which invests each primary muscular 

 fibre. See MUSCLE. 



Sarcoma is an ancient term which wax vaguely 

 used of tumours of a more or less tlesh-likc consist 

 ence, but had fallen into disuse. It was adopted 

 by Virchow as the general name for a large and 

 important class of new formations, and is at present 

 universally employed as defined by him. The 

 tumours now called Sarcomata are mainly com- 

 jiosed of cells resembling those of some form of 

 embryonic or imperfectly developed connective 

 ti-Mie, rather than those of any part of the adult 

 organism. Their structure, as well MS their indi- 

 vidual cells, usually suggests an embryonic con 

 dition : the cells are imbedded in a structureless 

 matrix; and the blood-vessels are often mere 

 channels between the tumour-cells. They are thus 

 distinct from the Carcinomata, or cancels proper, 

 which consist ,,f epithelial cells in a framework of 

 fully organised fibrous tissues; though they share 

 with them the property of malignancy (-ee ( '.\NI 'i;i:. 

 Tl'Mi>t'K). They are generally classified, accord- 

 ing to the form d their most characteristic cells, 

 as round -eel led, spindle-celled, and inydoii! tai 

 mat:L They are most common liefore middle life. 

 and may occur in any organ of the body. Their 

 couise presents the greatest possible variety : some 

 myeloid and spindle celled sarcomata are slow in 

 their growth, ami but little apt to recur alter 

 removal : some forms of round-celled sarcoma may 

 rival and even surpass the true cancers in rapidity 

 of growth and diffusion through the Ixxly. \Vlieii 

 secondary tumours occur they are not commonly 

 in the neighbouring h mphatic glands, as in cancer, 

 but in distant organs, and particularly in the 

 lungs. 



Sarcophagus (Ur., 'flesh-enter'), any stone 



receptacle for a dead Inxly. The name originated 

 in the property assigned to a species of stone, found 

 -os in Troas and used in early times, of con 

 sumiiig the whole body, with the exception of the 

 teeth, within the space of forty days. The oldest, 

 known sarcophagi are those of l'!gypt, some of 

 which are eoiiteiii|Hirnry with the pyramids. The 

 earliest of these are of a square of oblong form, 

 and either plain or ornamented with lotus leaves: 

 the later are of the form of swathed mummies, and 

 bear inscriptions. The pyramids were sepulchral 

 tomlis built to contain the sarcophagi of the kings 

 of Kgypt : the I'hii-nician and I'ersian kings \\.-ie 

 also buried in sarcophagi. The linman san-op;. 

 of the earlier republican period were plain. Sarco- 

 phagi were occasionally used in the later republic, 

 although burning hail liecimie the more general 

 mode of disjKising of the dead. The use of stone 

 chest* for the interment of distinguished persons 

 has not been altogether discontinued in modern 

 time*. See BARROW, BURIAL, COFFIN, MAUSO- 



I II M. 



Hard, or SARDA, a variety of quartz, differing 

 from carnelian only in iu very deep red colour, 



