SAUNDERS 



SAUSSURE 



173 



Saunders, NICHOLAS, polemical writer, was 

 born in 1527 of a good old Surrey family at Cbarl- 

 wood Place near Reigate, and from Winchester 

 passed to New College, Oxford, being admitted 

 scholar in 1546, and fellow in 1548. Regius pro- 

 fessor of Common Law (1558), in 1561 he resigned 

 his fellowship and quitted England, at Rome was 

 created D. D. and ordained priest, and thereafter 

 accompanied Cardinal Hosius to the Council of 

 Trent, ' where he showed himself to be a man of 

 great parts by his several disputations and argu- 

 ments. He had lived at Louvain for some thirteen 

 years as professor of Theology, and had paid two 

 visits to Spain ( 1573-77 ), when in 1579 he landed 

 in Ireland; and here in 1580, 1582, or 1583 (all 

 three dates are given) he 'died,' says Lord 

 Burghley, ' wandering in the mountaines, and 

 raving in a phrensy. ' Sannders, who is to Pro- 

 testants what Foxe is to Catholics, was the author 

 of fourteen works (1565-1610), of which the best 

 known are De Visibili Monarchia Ecclesiie ( 1571 ) 

 and De Origine ac Progresmi Schismatic Anglicani, 

 edited and completed by Edward Kishton (Cologne, 

 1585). See the translation of the latter by D. 

 Lewis (1877). 



Saillldcrson, NICHOLAS, the blind mathema- 

 tician, was born at Thnrlstone in Yorkshire in 

 January 1682. He lost his eyesight from smallpox 

 at the age of twelve months, but received a good 

 education in both classics and mathematics. In 

 1707 he proceeded to Cambridge, and there deliv- 

 ered a series of lectures on the Newtonian philo- 

 sophy, including Newton's theory of optics. Four 

 years afterwards he was appointed to succeed 

 \\ i listen as Lucasian professor of Mathematics. He 

 was on friendly terms with Newton, Demoivre, 

 Halley, and other eminent mathematicians amongst 

 his contemporaries. He died 19th April 1739. A 

 Life is prehxed to his Element* of Algebra (2 vols. 

 1740); another treatise by him on Fluxions, in- 

 cluding a discussion of the principal propositions 

 in Newton's Principia, appeared in 1756. It is 

 said that, in spite of his blindness, he understood 

 the rules of perspective, the projections of the 

 sphere, and some of the more recondite proposi- 

 tions of solid geometry. 



Saiiria. in the system of Cnvier an order of 

 reptiles, including what are now distinguished as 

 separate orders the lizards (Lacertilia) and the 

 crocodilians (Crocodilia). Saurian is often used as 

 a very general title for extinct reptiles, and Huxley 

 applied the term Sauroid to birds and reptiles 

 which he included under the technical title Saur- 

 opsida. See REPTILES. 



Saurln, JACQCKS, a celebrated French Protes- 

 tant preacher, was born at Ntmes, 6th January 1677, 

 studied at Geneva, and was chosen minister of a 

 Walloon church in London in 1701. But the 

 climate of England did not agree with his delicate 

 health; and in 1705 he settled at the Hague, 

 where his extraordinary gift of pulpit oratory was 

 prodigiously admired. But at length his clerical 

 brethren enviously assailed him with the accusa- 

 tion of heresy. The dispute was carried to the 

 synod of the Hague, and Saurin was subjected to 

 a series of petty persecutions that shortened his 

 days. He died at the Hague on December 30, 

 1730. As a preacher he has often been compared 

 with Bossnet, whom he rivals in force, if not in 

 grace and subtlety. His chief productions are 

 Sermon* ( 12 vols. the Hague, 1749 ; abridged Eng. 

 trans. 6 vols. 1775-76) ; Discours sur les Event- 

 mentt lea plus Memorable du V. et du N. T. ( Amst. 

 1720-28), often called Sanrin's Bible ; and Etat du 

 Chrittianisme en France (the Hague, 1725). 



Saury Pike (Scomberesox sauna), a species 

 of lish of the family Scomberesocidir, having the 



body greatly elongated, and covered with minute 

 scales ; the head also much elongated, and the jaws 

 produced into a long sharp beak, as in the Garfish 

 (q.v. ); from which, however, the present species 

 differs in the division of the dorsal and anal fins 

 into finlets, as in mackerels. The Scomberesocidae 

 are usually placed among the Physostomi, atl hough 

 the air-bladder has no opening. They resemble 

 the Physostomi in the abdominal position of the 



Sau ry Pike ( Scombfre sox taurun). 



pelvic fins. The saury pike is about 15 inches 

 long, the back dark blue, the under parts white ; 

 the fins dusky-brown. It approaches the coast in 

 summer and autumn and enters firths in shoals, 

 which are pursued by larger fishes, porpoises, &c. ; 

 and in order to escape from these it often leaps 

 out of the water, or rushes along the surface, for 

 a distance of one hundred feet, scarcely dipping or 

 seeming to touch the water. Hence the name 

 Skipper, which it very commonly receives on the 

 British coasts. Vast shoals sometimes enter 1m.-, 

 so that they may lie taken by pailfuls, and great 

 nnmliere are sometimes found among the sludge at 

 the ebbing of the tide in the upper parts of the 

 Firth of Forth and elsewhere. It is not uncommon 

 on the east and west coasts of England, but most 

 abundant on the south coast, where it is often 

 taken in pilchard nets. The eggs are furnished 

 with long filaments, like those of other species of 

 the family, by which they are entangled in clusters 

 and attached to solid objects. As food the saury 

 pike is said to lie palatable, but it is not commonly 

 sent to the market. 



Sausage-poison. It is well known that 

 sausages mode or kept under certain unknown 

 conditions are occasionally highly poisonous ; and 

 in Germany, where sausages form a staple article 

 of diet, fatal cases of sausage-poisoning are by no 

 means rare. The symptoms are slow in appearing, 

 three or four days sometimes elapsing before they 

 manifest themselves. They resemble those of 

 poisoning by Atropia or Belladonna (q.v.), and 

 are believed to be due to the presence of animal 

 alkaloids or Ptomaines (q.v.) developed by putre- 

 faction. Cases observed in Britain diner from those 

 commonly occurring in Germany in this respect, 

 that in England the sausages are usually com- 

 paratively ficsh, while the sausages which have 

 proved poisonous in Germany had always been 

 made a long time. 



Sanssure, HORACE BENEDICT DE, a Swiss 

 physicist and geologist, was born at Conches, near 

 Geneva, 17th February 1740. He early showed an 

 interest in the study of nature, his inclination being 

 quickened by his uncle Bonnet, the naturalist, ana 

 his friend Haller, the physicist. In 1762 he obtained 

 the chair of Physics and Philosophy in the univer- 

 sity of Geneva. In 1768 he commenced a series of 

 journeys which were fraught with important con- 

 sequences to science ; he visited the Jura and Vosges 

 Mountains, Germany, England, Italy, Switzerland, 

 Sicily and the adjacent isles, the extinct craters of 

 Auvergne, and traversed the Alps in nearly all 

 directions. He was the first 'traveller' (a party 

 of guides were actually the first) who ever ascended 



