176 



*AYINi: 



SAVINGS-BANKS 



HM principal works art Rmm Aptirnr*m ftfriplorft 

 post Mam prsmnri (IBM), s folio oonUminj; the work* 

 of William of MsJnMsbnnr. Henry of Huntingdon, Koger 

 Hovtdro, and Inralph ; Vommenlarin conrming Kama* 

 Wfffun (1888) ; rvwrr Raotu of Oa Itatorv* sad th. 

 Ayncolm of TaciUu I 15HI ) ; and mafnifleeat edition of 

 8* ChrrmtoaTs works (8 voU folio, 1610 l.i), a work 

 which oust IXtOO, ona-foarUi fr |per alone. 



Silt Inc. or SAVIN (Juniperm Sabina\. a low, 

 much. branched, and widely *prcading *lin 'i. with 

 nail, imbricated, evergreen leaves, which 

 grows in Kiiiiipc. SiU-ria, Canada, and the north 

 ern 1'nited States. It bear* small black berries, 

 covered with a pale blue bloom. Its foliage has 

 t> strong, aromatic, penetrating odour. The fresh 

 and dried top*, and a volatile oil distilled from the 

 former, are used in medicine. Their odour U Ktrong 

 and terebinthinate, ami their lAste acrid, bitter, 

 resinou*, and disagreeable. The therajwiitic pro 

 pertiesof savine an- due to the volatile oil, of which 

 It contain* about 2 per cent., consisting chiefly of 

 a body having the chemical com|i-iti.in ' , ,H|4 and 

 isomeric with oil of turpentine (see Jl'MPER). 



Savine exert* a stimulating effect on the pelvic 

 organ*, and U employed in cases of amenorrlura 

 and i'hl.in>-i. It is best given in the form of the 

 oil, I or '2 minims of which may lie prescribed 

 in a pill, to tie taken twice a day. This drug is 

 sometimes employed for the purpose of procuring 

 abortion ; but if given in a xutlicientlv large dose 

 to produce the desired effect, the life of 1 the mother 

 is placed in the greatest possible peril. Savine in 

 the form of ointment i* used as an external applica- 

 tion, with the view of keeping uj> the discharge 

 from a blistered surface. The ointment cannot, 

 however, be kept long without losing it.* pn>|>erti(<K. 



Sat Illiis-liilllK*. ''nl History. Savings- 



banks, for the receipt of small deposit* by 

 poor person*, and their accumulation at com] .on nil 

 interest, are either (I) voluntary associations, 

 the pro|ierty and management of which are vested 

 in their trustees ami otliccr*, and which are termed 

 tnutet savings-banks, or 1*2) institutions i-*tali 

 lished and managed by the state, such a the post- 

 office savings- honks. 



The formation of tin- tee savings-banks was first 

 suggested by Defoe in 1697. 

 Though, however, the 

 project was revived by 

 Francis Maaerea, Cursitor 

 Baron of the Exchequer, 

 in 1771, and by Jeremy 

 Itentham in 1707, it was 

 not practically carried out 

 in England till the year 

 17W. The first saving. 

 bank established in Kiiro|M> 

 U said to have been that 

 of Hnmiath in France, 

 established in 1705, which 

 was followed by one at 



dept Rhone) in 1790. 

 In (iermany savings )>ank* 

 Were lir*t etahlihcd at 

 Hamburg in I77>*and olden 

 bnrg in 17H6: in Swit/i-r 

 land at Uerne in I7H7. 

 Basel 1702. Ceneva 1704, 

 and 7.11 ri.-l, |MC, : and in 

 I>mniark st Kiel in Hoi 



in 1700. The 



.l.ihii Mackay extabliiihed a friendly bank for 

 savings of the poor at Went Caliler in 1807, and in 

 INK) the Krv. Henry Duncan founded a similar 

 in-titiiiion at Kuthwell in llumirii-. which h:i> 

 served as a miMlel for all BulKtequent ones. In 

 Ireland a sa\inx- lunik was established at Still- 

 organ, County Dulilin, in 1815; and one of the 

 earliest foumfeil in Wales ap|iear to have been 

 that at Brecon, estahli-hc,| in 1816. In the same 

 year the lii-i -a\ ings uanki- in the Tinted States 

 the Philadelphia Saving 1 uii.l S<M-ifty, suggested 

 by Condy llagnet, ami the Itoston Savings-luink 

 were esta 'uli -In-. 1. and in 1819 were followed l<y one 



;it New York. 



The establishment of savings-banks under 

 ^.iM-inmi in sujMTvi^iim was proposeil as early as 

 1808 by Mr Whitbread ; but the cnilit of first 

 suggesting their formation in connivtinn with 

 the post -ortice i~ due to George Hans Hamilton, 

 the Ven. Archdeacon of NortluiniU-ilainl. In 

 Is.VJ he |>ro|Miuniliil a scheme to tlii- effect to the 

 financial Secretary to the Treasury. Mr Alexander 

 Hamilton, which at the request of the latl<-i lie 

 again published in 1858, and which was in many 

 re-|^-ts identical with that now in force. In IV)9 

 a paper, containing many valuable suggestions 

 subsei|uently ailonted by Mr Sciidamore, then 

 l'o-.tiiiiistei general, was read l>\ Mr Sike- ol iln- 

 Hudderslielil Hanking Company, liefore a Social 

 s.-iein-i. Congrexx at Bradford ; mid in ISIXI Mr 

 Cliet \vyinl of the post-office drew up the plan of the 

 present system, which was established by the Post- 

 ollice Savings-bank Act, 1861 (see below). 



The system is now established in India and 

 in nearly all the colonies, a well ax in all the 

 principal Knropeati states, excepting ( ii-riuanv. 

 Its remarkable giuwth throughout the world 

 will IK- MH-II from the following compendium of 

 a table compiled by the Controller of Post-office 

 Saving*. IKUIKK, published in the report of the 

 Postmaster-general for 1889. It has also been 

 adopted by the following countries not noticed in 

 the table : Russia, Servia, Norway, Japan, and 

 Hawaii. At Deci-mluT 31, 1897, there were in the 

 United Kingdom 7. -'.'!!!, Ttil accounts open, amount- 

 ing to llo,896,786 ; average, 16. Os. il. 



P08T-OFFICB SAVINT.S. BANKS IN 1887. 



1700, The lint 

 K.n.-li-h Iwnk wan ra>tabliihel in 1790 by the Rev. 

 J. miiitb, rwtor of \Vendover, Ifnckn, who, in order 

 to encourag" frugality in hi* pari-h. oirensl with 

 two other inhabitantx to reo-ivn any weekly Minis 

 not I*** than ad., nnd if the amount were not 

 touched before < hii-lmax to add Is. 3d. to it as 

 bonos or rocounurement. In Scotland the Rev. 



Trtittet Saringt-hank*. The firqt two savings- 

 banks act* were passed in 1817, and authorised the 

 formation of bank* in Ireland and England for 

 the benefit of dejiositor*, deducting thence only 

 sullicient to provide for the expenses of manage- 

 ment, but 'deriving no lienefit from such deposit* 

 or the produce thereof.' In 1818 the rules, like 



