SAVOY 



SAWDUST 



181 



was rewarded by being created Duke of Chablais 

 and Aosta. Peter (1263-68) before succeeding to 

 power had spent some time in England, where he 

 built in London the palace afterwards called the 

 Savoy ; two of his nieces married Englishmen, 

 King Henry III. and Richard Earl of Cornwall. 

 Amadeus V. (1285-1323), suruamed the Great, 

 extended his territories considerably in the north- 

 west (Geneva, Faucigny, Bresse, &c. ), acquired 

 the county of Asti in Piedmont, and was made a 

 prince of the empire. The protectorate over Nice, 

 Ventimiglia, Villafranca, and Barcelonette was 

 acquired by Amadeus VII. ( 1383-91 ). The Emperor 

 Sigismnnd made the eighth Amadeus (1391-1433) 

 Duke of Savoy and of Piedmont (1416), and after- 

 wards invested him with the county of Vercelli. 

 But this prince resigned the title and retired to a 

 monastery. In 1439 the Council of Basel deitosed 

 Pope Eugenins IV. and elected Amadeus of Savoy 

 pope in his stead ; he took the name of Felix V., 

 but resigned the papal dignity in 1448, and died a 

 cardinal in 1451. 



The reign of Charles III. (1504-53) was one 

 long train of misfortunes, occasioned by the fact 

 that he sided with the Emperor Charles V. in his 

 great duel with Francis I. of France : Geneva 

 and Valais put themselves (1533) under the pro- 

 tection of the Swiss Confederation ; Beme in 

 1536 seized Chablais, Gex, and Vaud ; and by the 

 treaty of Nice France kept possession of Savoy 

 ( which she had seized ) and the emperor garrisoned 

 the cities of Piedmont, so that Nice only was left 

 to the duke. Emmanuel Philibcrt, his son, the 

 next duke (1553-80), obtained great renown as an 

 imperial general in the Netherlands, where he won 

 the great victory of St Quentin ( 15.57) ; this gained 

 him the recovery of his hereditary dominions 

 (except Pignerol, Savigliano, and Saluz/o) in 1559, 

 1560, and 1564. Ten years later he received again 

 Pignerol and Savigliano, and subsequently acquired 

 the principality of Oneglia ami the comity of 

 Ten. la. His son, Charles Emmanuel (1580-1630), 

 waged war against Henry IV. and Louis XIII. of 

 France, and was deprived of large slices of territory 

 and several fortresses. The succeeding dukes 

 vacillated between the empire and France. Victor 

 Amadens II. (1675-1730) was at last saved from 

 the clutches of France by the military genius of the 

 celebrated Prince Eugene of Savoy, a distant cousin, 

 who routed the French before Turin in 1 706. By the 

 treaty of Utrecht (1713) the Duke of Savoy gained 

 the principality of Montferrat, the kingdom of 

 Sicily, ami the recognition of his claim to the 

 crown of Spain should the Bourbon family lieconie 

 extinct. Seven years later the emperor of Austria 

 forced him to exchange the crown of Sicily for that 

 of Sardinia. Henceforward, for 140 years, the 

 sovereignty was known as the kingdom of Sardinia. 



The principal immediate aim of the new kings 

 WB to get possession of Milan and its territory i.e. 

 virtually Lombard) 1 . (Turin had been the capital 

 <>f Savoy since the reign of Emmanuel Phililx-rt.) 

 Charles Emmanuel III. (1730-73) aided France 

 against Austria in two long wars, and therein 

 gained accessions of territory on his eastern fron- 

 tier, lint, lie did not get Milan. Under his son and 

 successor, Victor Amadens III. (1773-96), Savoy, 

 having put herself at the head of the Italian 

 princes in opposing the French Republic and 

 Napoleon, was along with Nice annexed to 

 France. The next duke, who succeeded whilst the 

 French were masters of his continental territories, 

 took refuge in Sardinia (1798), and in 1802 Pied- 

 mont was incorporated with France. Victor 

 Emmanuel I. ( 1802-21 ) returned to Turin in 1814, 

 not only receiving back his patrimony, but becom- 

 ing master also of Genoa. This prince left the 

 government to his wife, an Austrian princess, and 



his father confessor ; their efforts were directed to 

 the extirpation of the elements of liberal sentiment 

 and politics implanted by the French during their 

 occupation. This policy provoked a rising of the 

 liberal-minded in 1821, wnereupon the king abdi- 

 cated in favour of his brother Charles Felix ( 1821- 

 31 ), who brought in an Austrian army and con- 

 tinued the oppressive and reactionary policy dic- 

 tated by Austria. He was the last of the elder 

 branch of the family ; and on his death the crown 

 passed to Charles Albert (1831-49), the head of the 

 branch Savoy-Carignano, that had been founded 

 by a younger son of Charles Emmanuel in the 17th 

 century. He abdicated in favour of his son Victor 

 Emmanuel II. during the fever of the revolution of 

 1848-49. From the time of the French Revolu- 

 tion the Sardinian monarch was one of the most 

 inHuential potentates in Italy, and from the reign 

 of Charles Felix he was singled out by Italian 

 patriots as the man to effect the future unity of 

 Italy. The history of the monarchy from the 

 accession of Charles Albert has been already 

 sufficiently told under Italy (q.v.). 



See Histories of Savoy by Cibrario (Turin, 3 vols. 

 1840-47), Frezet (3 vols. 1826-28), Beitolotti (2 vols. 

 1830), St-Genis (3 Tola. 1869); and of Piedmont by 

 Bianchi (4 vols. 1877-84) and Ricotti (6 vols. 1861-69). 

 For the Stuart connection with the House of Savoy, see 

 STEWART. 



, a cultivated variety of Cabbage (q.v.), 

 forming a large close head like the true cabbages, 

 but having wrinkled leaves. A number of sub- 

 varieties are in cultivation. The mode of cultiva- 

 tion and the uses are the same as those of cabbage. 

 Savoys are much cultivated for winter use; they 

 require a light, rich soil. 



Savoy Palace, an ancient palace of London, 

 situated l>etween the Strand and what in now the 

 Thames Embankment, was first built by Peter, 

 Count of Savoy, uncle of Henry- III.'s queen, 

 Eleanor of Provence. It was the prison of the 

 captive king John of France after the battle of 

 Poitiers. Tnen it was the town residence of John 

 of Gannt, and was burned bv the peasants during 

 Wat Tyler's revolt ( 1381 ). 'Henry VII. rebuilt it, 

 and in 1505 endowed it as a ' hospital ' or house for 

 one hundred poor people ' rogues and masterless 

 men ' they came to be. In it* precincts was held 

 in 1661 the Savoy Conference (see PRAYER-BOOK, 

 Vol. VIII. p. 381). 'The Savoy' also included a 

 chapel royal, built in 1515 ; it was injured by fire 

 in 1864, but restored at the expense of the Queen. 

 The Savoy Theatre occupies part of the site. See 

 Loftie, Memorials of the Savoy ( 1879). 



Sa>ll. an East Indian island W. of Timor, is 

 ruled by Malay rajahs who pay tribute to the 

 Dutch. Chief products, maize, tobacco, rice, cot- 

 ton, &c. , and horses. Pop. 16,000. 



Sawdust. Besides being very useful for such 

 ]nir|Kises as cleaning dusty floors and stuffing such 

 articles as dolls ana pincushions, sawdust is turned 

 to account in other ways. Oxalic Acid (ij.v.) is 

 manufactured on a large scale from it, by oxidising 

 with a mixture of the hydrates of potash and soda. 

 Mixed with tan in the proportion of one to three, 

 it is employed in our cavalry barracks as a better 

 floor for riding-schools than the pure bark. Chilled 

 sawdust is found to be superior to and cheaper than 

 ice for the packing of fish. Carbonised sawdust 

 makes a better filter for many purposes than ordi- 

 nary charcoal. Boxwood sawdust is used for clean- 

 ing jewellery, that of mahogany for smoking fish. 

 Sawdust is also used in the ' carbonating ' stage 

 of the process for the manufacture of soda ash. 

 The substance called Bou-durci, of which beautiful 

 ebony-like medallions and other ornaments are 

 made, consists of the fine sawdust of rosewood, 



