- \ \\ 1 1 - 1 1 



8AXE 



rUmv, and other woods formed into ft ponte with 

 Moral and primed into mould- or die-. The furrier 

 finds a IIM> for the sawdust of mahogany and rose- 

 wixid in dressing his furs, and the Hiuall fragment* 

 of ome winnU, Mich it- the pencil cedar, made by 

 ftw cuts or the turning tool, yield perfumes. Saw- 

 du-t -iuU- in water although the wood from which 

 it i cut float*, 



(/Virtu), ft genus of cartilaginous 

 fishes distinguished by the pio 

 longation of the snout into a 

 formidable weapon Ininlen-d on 

 each side by sharp teeth. Five 

 species of "this genus include 

 P. niitiijuoruiH in the Mediter 

 mnean and in many other seas, 

 and /'. ptrtinatut off the south 

 era coasts of North America 

 and in the Gulf of Mexico. 

 With it* saw. which is some- 

 times six feet in length, the 

 sawfish slashes or rips up its 

 iney. and iU assault is often 

 fatal to large cetaceans. The 

 torn-off i>ie<->-s of the victim 

 are swallowed by the sawli.-h, 

 whose true teeth are small and 

 adapted for crushing. The 

 sawfishes are viviparous. The 

 lb--h of the sawfish is coarse 

 and almo-l inedible ; the sha- 

 greened skin U sometime- n-.-d 

 for |nilishing. Analogous to 

 Pristis, which, although it is 

 Lower View of Head somewhat shark-like, ln>longs 

 of Stwftih. to the order of rays, is the 



genu- Pristiophorus', which is 

 ranked among the sharks. 



Hawfly, the common name of a number of 

 Hymcnopteroiw insects, injurious to plante. They 

 owe their name to the saw-like ovipositors with 

 which the females drill holes in which to lay their 

 gas. In one family (Tenthredinidie) the ovi|n>sitor 

 is like a double saw, in the other family ( Siricidte ) 

 it U rather comparable to a borer. The adults 



Tmrnip Btwflj ( Atkalia tpinantm I in iu rtriotu 

 rUft* of dcrelopnumt. 



differ from bran and wasps and other Hymenoptera 

 in having the abdomen attached to the thorax by 

 the whole width of it- ham* instead of by a narrow 

 waist. The larvn- are peculiar in having three 

 pairs of thorvic leg. with which in the Tenthn- 

 tlitnd.e n number of alHlominal ap|H-ndogi*s are also 

 Mociated. They are I him Mimewhat like cater- 

 pillars, Indml the larva of the (tooseberry and 

 f'lirrant Sawfly (!ftnvtt>urihr*ii) a most destnic- 

 tire pert -in often called a caterpillar. The Corn 

 Sftwfly (CrptiHt fiyymirut) lays its eggs on the \oiing 

 talks of corn, which the grub* afterwards destroy. 

 The Turnip Sawfly (Alhulin ,j,inarvm) is alieauti- 



fill insect of an orange colour with dee|ier red 

 shade behind the black head : the destructive larv.-i-. 

 wlii.-h friiiiieiiily ruin the turnip crop, are almoxl 

 blm-k, ami art- familiarly known as Black Jadacn 

 A'../'/rr*. The larva- of the Pine Sawfly (Lojihynu 

 ;.i;ii)are destrnetive in young li r- woods ; and the 

 young of various species of Sirex e.g. Sirtx ffipat 

 bore galleries in the wood of various kindl of pine. 

 See Ormemd's Injurious Insects ( new ed. 1891 ). 



Sawlre. or Cn \n:vs. S,-c HKNUY IV. 



Siixc. .I'HIN IHIIIKUKV. American |M't, born in 



ighgiite, \i-nnont, 2il June 1816, was by turns 

 lawyer, journalist, politician, lecturer, and journal- 

 ist again, and died at Albany, 31st March 1887. His 

 poems, nf which there are several volumes, are 

 mostly humorous and satirical, though the more 

 serious and tender touches in which American poets 

 are so facile are not lacking. 



Sa\'. MAt'RlCE, Marshal, a celebrated soldier 

 of the 18th century, was the natural son of 

 Augustus II. (q.v.), Elector of Saxony and king 

 of Poland, and the Countess Aurora von Kiinigs- 

 mark, and was born at Goidar, 28th October 1696. 

 When onlv twelve years of age he ran off from 

 home, maile his way to Flanders, joined the army 

 ni Marlhorough, and took part in the capture of 

 Lille and the siege of Ton may. With a boyish 

 love of change he joined the KusHo-Polixh army 

 In-fore Siialsund (1711), and distinguished him- 

 self under his father's own eyes. Then, returning 

 to Dresden, he was induced by his mother to 

 marry the young Countess Loin-it ; but the union 

 did not last long, being dissolved in 1721. In the 

 meantime Maurice had fought against the Turks 

 in Hungary under Prince Eugene, and studied 

 the art of war in France, In IT-'ti he \\aselected 

 Duke of Courland, and for a time maintained 

 himself in his new possession against Itoth liussians 

 and Poles, but was compelled to retire to France 

 in 1729. Joining the army on the Rhine, under 

 the Duke of Berwick, he signalisiil himself at the 

 of Philipusbiirg ( 1734), and decided the battle 

 of Ettingen by a desperate charge ; for these 

 MT\ ices he was made a lieutenant-general in IT.'iii. 

 On the breaking out of 'the war of the Austrian 

 succession he was given command of the army 

 which was appointed to invade Itohemia, and took 

 the strongly-fortified city of Prague by storm. 

 The capture of Eger was effected a few days 

 afterwards, and the rest of the campaign showed 

 that his abilities in the field were not inferior to 

 his skill against fortifications. Heretofore known 

 as the Comte de Saxe, he was in 1744 mode ft 

 n i. -i i si i ul of France., and appointed to command 

 the French army in Flanders ; and on this occa- 

 sion he gave decisive proofs of the superiority of 

 his system of tactics by reducing to inaction an 

 enemy much superior in number, and taking from 

 him, almost liefore his face, various important 

 fortresses. The following year was for him more 

 glorious still: he defeated the Duke of Cumln-r- 

 land in the battle of Foutenoy. In 1746 Maurice 

 by a series of able mamruvres threw back the 

 allies on the right bank of the Mcuse, and gained 

 (llth October) the brilliant victory of Raucoux, 

 for which he was rewarded with the title of 

 marshal -general, an honour which had been con- 

 ferred upon none but Turenne. For the third time, 

 at Laufeldt (2d July 1747), the victor of ('iilloden 

 suffered complete defeat at the hands of Maurice, 

 and the brilliant capture of Bergen-op zoom 

 brought the allies to peace. The Dutch, however, 

 were still disposed to hold out, till the capture 

 of Maastricht (1748) destroyed their hopes, and the 

 peace of Aix-la-Thapelle followed. Saxe hod pre- 

 viously carried on a corresjiondence with Frederick 

 the Great of Prussia ; he now took occasion to 



