SAXONY 



SAYCE 



187 



the crown of which country he had heen elected in 

 succession to his father. Frederick Augustus III. 

 (1763-1827) hent himself energetically to the task 

 of building up his state again and restoring the 

 prosperity of his subjects, matters in which he was 

 eminently successful. He took little part in the 

 early Napoleonic wars, and in 1806 proclaimed 

 himself king of Saxony as Frederick Augustus I. 

 Then he went over entirely to the side of Napoleon, 

 and sent the Saxon army to fight side by side witli 

 the French down to the battle of Leipzig (1813). 

 After the rout of the French in that battle Frede- 

 rick Augustus was taken prisoner, and his land 

 occupied by the allied Germans and Russians. 

 The congress of Vienna deprived him of a large 

 portion of his territories and subjects, namely 7720 

 sq. in. out of 13,510, and 864,404 inhabitants out of 

 2,047,148; these formed part of the new province 

 of Prussian Saxony. This separation of lands that 

 for centuries had been ruled over by the House of 

 Wettin encountered the strongest opposition on 

 the part of the people. In 1832 the old machinery 

 of government, consisting of a secret cabinet and 

 the two chambers of the feudal estates, was 

 abolished to give place to a constitutional system. 

 In May 1849 the Russian Bakunin and other demo- 

 cratic socialists stirred np a rising in Dresden, 

 which resulted in a week's severe barricade fighting 

 in the streets. From 1858 to 1866 the ruler de facto 

 of Saxony was Count von Beust (q.v. ). In the 

 Anstro- Prussian war of 1866 Saxony sided with 

 Austria, but, being along with her ally defeated, 

 she joined the North German Confederation and 

 paid an indemnity of 10 million thalers to Prussia. 

 In the Franco-German war the Saxon army fought 

 of course on the side of Prussia. Since 1871 the 

 country has been peaceful and in a wonderful degree 

 prosperous. 



See Zeiltchrift da tfchtitchcn ttatutitchtn Blirtaut; 

 Kalender and italittacha Jahrbuch fiir dot K<"miijnwh 

 Sackten ; Bohmert, Dot r'lchtitche ttatittitche Bureau 

 1S75-90( 1X91); Engelhardt, Vatrrtandtkundt(ed. Flathe, 

 3d ed. 1877): and Daniel, Handbuch der Geographic 

 ( 1881 ) for geography and ntatistics. The standard history 

 U Bittiger's (ed. Flathe, 3 vols. 18B7-73); but consult 

 al*o Weuae (7 vola. 1802-12), Meynert (2 vols. 1833-35), 

 GreUchel and Von Bulau (1863), and Kohler (1886). 



Saxony. PRUSSIAN, a province of Prussia, 

 formed in 1815 out of districts taken from the 

 kingdom of Saxony, part of the duchy of Magde- 

 burg, the Altmark, the principalities of Halber- 

 stadt and Erfurt, and some smaller territories. It 

 lies between Brandenburg, Hanover, Brunswick, 

 Hesse- Cassel, the minor Saxon duchies, and the 

 kingdom of Saxony. The duchy of Anhalt almost 

 divides it into two portions. Area, 9746 sq. m. ; 

 pop. (1890) 2,579,852. The greater part of the 

 gnrface belongs to the North German plain, l>eing 

 watered by the Elbe and its subsidiary streams, 

 the Saale, Muhle, two Elsters, Dm, &c. ' The soil, 

 except in the north and on the mountains ( Harz 

 and Thiiringer VVald) in the south, is extremely 

 fertile, the valley of the Golden Meadow ( Goldene 

 Aue) being particularly famous. Lignite and salt 

 are extracted to the annual value of 1} million 

 pounds sterling. Copper is mined. Wheat, beet- 

 root, flowers, vegetables, hops, &c. are extensively 

 grown. There are important manufactures of 

 cloth, cottons, machinery, oil, small-arms, beer, 

 chemicals, and other articles. Halle is the seat 

 of one of the first universities of Germany. The 

 province sends 20 members to the imperial 

 parliament, and 38 to the Prussian House of 

 Representatives. The capital is Magdeburg ; 

 other large towns are Halle, Erfurt, Halbcrstadt, 

 Aschersleben, Miihlhansen, and Nordhausen. 



Saxophone, the name of a family of musical 

 instruments invented by M. Sax (see SAXHORN). 



They consist of a conical brass tube, sounded by a 



mouthpiece furnished with a single reed similar to 



that of the Clarinet 



(q.v.), and are made 



in as many different 



keys as the saxhorn. 



The contralto and 



baritone are mostly 



used in Britain ; but 



in France all the 



varieties are more or 



less used. They have 



twenty holes covered 



by keys and studs 



for the first three 



fingers of each hand, 



and are all fingered 



alike. They are 



greatly valued in 



military music, but 



are not much used in 



the orchestra. 



Say, JEAN BAP- 

 TISTK, a French 

 political economist, 

 was born at Lyons, 

 5th January 1767. 

 Being destined for a Saxophone, 



commercial career, he 



passed a part of his youth in England, and on his 

 return to France began his work in a life-insurance 

 otlice. On the outbreak of the Revolution he made 

 his way to Paris, and worked for Mirabeau mi the 

 Courrier de Provence, and a year or two later acted 

 as secretary to Claviere, the minister of finance. 

 From 1794 to 1800 he edited a journal called La 

 Decade, in which he expounded with great effect the 

 views of Adam Smith. After 18th Brumaire ( 1799) 

 he was appointed a member of the tribunate, but 

 at the end of a few years he began to express his 

 disapprobation of the arbitrary tendencies of the 

 new I'liiisular government, and in 1804 ceased to be 

 a inemlwr of a body that had liecome a mere tool 

 in the hands of Bonaparte. Under the despotism 

 of the empire Say was forced into private life, and 

 betook himself to industrial pursuits. In 1803 he 

 issued the first edition of his principal liook, Traite 

 d'ticonomie Politique (8th ed. 1876). In 1814 the 

 French government sent him to England to study 

 the economical condition of that country : he laid 

 down the results of his journey in De VAngleterre 

 etdes Anglais (1816). From 1819 he lectured on 

 political economy at the Conservatory of Arts and 

 Trades, and in 1831 was appointed professor of 

 Political Economy at the College de France, but 

 died 16th November 1832. A follower of Adam 

 Smith, but an independent and sagacious writer, 

 Say was the first to teach Frenchmen to consider 

 rationally such questions as customs-duties, the 

 currency, public credit, the colonies, and taxation, 

 and to him belongs the credit of having made Adam 

 Smith extensively known on the Continent. Besides 

 the books cited he also wrote Catechirme d'&ctmomie 

 Politique (1815; 6th ed. 1881), Cours Complet 

 dficonamie, Politique ( 1828-30) this merely an 

 expansion of the Trails and iftianget et Carres- 

 pondance ( 1833). His principal writings form vols. 

 9-12 in Guillaumin's Collection den ficonomistes. 



Sayce, ARCHIBALD HENRY, philologist, was 

 bom at Sliirelmmpton, near Bristol, September 25, 

 1846, and was educated privately and at Grosvenor 

 College, Bath. He entered Queen's College, Ox- 

 ford, in 1865, took a classical first-class in 1869, 

 and became fellow, then tutor, of his college. He 

 took orders in 1870, and was appointed in 1876 

 deputy to Max-Miiller in the chair of Comparative 

 Philology at Oxford, which office he resigned in 



