SCALA 



SCALES 



189 



but its lightness, and the extreme ease with which 

 it may be applied to walls, pillars, pilasters, and 

 even cornices, render it very useful for the decora- 

 tion of the better class of dwellings and public 

 buildings. 



Scala, DELLA. See VERONA, SCALIGER. 



Scala \ova. called by the Turks KUSCHA- 

 DASSI, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, stands at the 

 head of a gulf of the same name, 40 miles S. of 

 Smyrna, and over against Samoa, to which it is the 

 nearest mainland port. The ruins of the ancient 

 city of Ephesns ( q. v. ) are in the vicinity. Liquor- 

 ice, 'halwa,' tobacco, and raisins are expprtea to 

 the value of 124,000 a year, and clothing and 

 groceries imported to the value of 40,000. Pop. 

 9000. 



Scala Santa. See LATERAN. 



Scald-head (Chaucer, trailed, 'scabby ') is the 

 popular name of Favns (q.v. ). 



Scalds. See Brnxs AND SCALDS. 



Scale ( It. snila, ' a ladder ; ' cf. Ger. Tonleiter, 

 'a ladder of sounds') is in Music any regular 

 succession of sounds between one note and its 

 octave which has been established by custom. The 

 perfection of the octave interval (see HARMONICS) 

 is the natural reason why it has been chosen as the 

 limit, but the scale itself varies, and has varied at 

 different periods and in different countries. The 

 most important of still existing scales which differ 

 from the modern European are the jwntatonic 

 the foundation of Chinese and other Oriental scales, 

 as well as of Scotch and those of Celtic origin 

 and the Gregorian scales or ' modes ' (see Music). 

 The first can easily lie illustrated by playing the 

 black notes on a pianoforte, beginning from KJ ; 

 ' Anld Lang Syne ' will serve as an example of a 

 pentatonic air. The modern scales are dialmiii- 

 i.e. through the tones or steps ( 'degrees ') of the 

 ladder and chromatic, which, proceeding by uni- 

 form degrees, includes all the twelve semitones 

 into which the octave has been divided. Diatonic 

 scales are major or minor according to the disposi- 

 tion of the tones and semitones. They may begin 

 from any note in the octave, and are therefore 

 twenty-four in numl>er twelve major and twelve 

 minor. The scales of C are given as example. 

 The semitone intervals are marked by brackets, 

 those not so distinguished being tones, save that 

 between Ab and B in the minor scale, marked N.n. , 

 which is a tone and a half. T. indicates the tonic, 

 D. the dominant. 



I). 



outer or horny layer of which is in various degrees 

 hardened. So the scales of the pangolin and of the 

 leaver's tail, or those which cover the legs and 

 toes of many birds, are epidermic. On the other 

 hand, the scales of most bony fishes (Teleostei) 

 and of the Dipnoi are developed from the under 

 skin or dermis, and are thus comparable to the 

 little bony plates which occur in the skin of not a 

 few lizards, to the large bony ' scutes ' of the 

 crocodilians and many extinct reptiles, and to the 

 armature of the armadillos. A third type of scale 

 is represented by the skin-teeth or 'dermal den- 

 ticles ' of Elasmohranch fishes, for in these, as in 

 the teeth of the month, the epidermis forms an 

 external coating of enamel, while the bony core 

 and base are developed from the dermis. To this 

 type the hard scales of some Ganoids (e.g. the 

 sturgeon, bony pike) and a few Teleosteans are also 

 to be referred. Dermal scales are of especial 

 interest, for in a coalescence of these the ' invest- 

 ing bones ' of the skull and shoulder-girdle had 

 probably their origin. See FISHES, SKELETON. 



Scales, MATHEMATICAL. Maps, estate plans, 

 architectural, engineering, and other proportionate 

 drawings are made to scale. An inch, for example, 

 of the scale may represent a foot, yard, mile, or 

 other length of the space to be shown. The first 

 thing to be determinea is the representative fraction, 

 which shows the ratio between the scale and the 

 object it represents, and should always be given 

 with the scale. If the scale is to lie of 1 inch to 

 8 miles, as there are 506,880 inches in 8 miles the 

 representative fraction will be jsAio, which is 

 usually printed on maps 1 : 506880. From thus 

 fraction a workable length of scale is easily found. 



Fig. 1. Simple Scale of 1 : 506880. 



Suppose a scale showing 20 miles would be con- 

 venient to work from; as there are 1,207,200 

 inches in 20 miles, the proportion would be 

 506880 : 1 : : 1267200 : 2*5. But this result is usually 

 more readily arrived at by taking the proportion of 

 the original lengths instead of using the represen- 

 tative fraction. Thus, 8:20:: 1:2*5. To make 

 the scale, draw a line 2} inches long. This line 

 represent* 20 miles. Bisect it, and each half 

 shows 10 miles. Subdivide the half to the left 

 into ten equal parts, and each of these tenths 

 stands for 1 mile. This is a simple scale ready for 

 use, and how it is usually drawn and figured is 

 shown in fig 1. 



The diagonal scale is a vertical subdivision over 

 the simple one, and is an application of the prin- 

 ciple in geometry that the sides about the equal 



Mim.r. 



For information about other forms of the Minor scale, 

 H well an the abstruse speculations of theorists as to the 

 origin of scales, and philosophic justification of those 

 which have been empirically selected, consult treatises 

 on Harmony ( Ouseley, 3d ed. 1883 ; Front, 2d ed. 1890 ) ; 

 also the scientific treatises of Logier, Helmholtz (Ton- 

 ffnpflndvnyen ), &c. 



Scale Insert. See Coccus. 



Scales. Besides the articles which precede and 

 follow, ee BALANCE, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, 

 I)K<;REK, GRADUATION, THERMOMETER, FAHREN- 

 HEIT, VERNIKR*. also EPIDERMIS, SKIN. 



Scales, modifications of the skin especially char- 

 acteristic of fitthes and reptiles. Those of Wizards 

 and serpents are due to folds of the epidermis, the 



Fig. 2. Diagonal Scale of 1 : 506880. 



angles of equiangular triangles are proportional. 

 Suppose the further sulidivision of miles into fur- 

 longs were required. Draw above the simple scale 



