SCALP 



SCANDERBEG 



193 



byssus secretion, but often this disappears in adult 

 life. Some of the larger species are often popu- 

 larly called clams, a name shared by other bivalves. 

 P. Jacobteus, a native of the Mediterranean, is the 

 Scallop-shell which pilgrims were accustomed to 

 wear in front of their hat in token of having 

 visited the shrine of St James at Compostella. 

 P. maximum, found on many parts of the British 

 coasts, is about 6 inches broad. It is sometimes 

 eaten, but is said to be indigestible. About 180 

 living species are known, and over 400 are recorded 

 as fossils from Carboniferous strata. 



Scalp, the term employed to designate the 

 outer covering of the skull or brain-case. Except 

 in the fact that hair in both sexes grows more 

 luxuriantly on the scalp than elsewhere, the skin 

 of the scalp differs so slightly from ordinary Skin 

 (q.v.) that it is unnecessary to enter into any 

 details on this point. But'besides the skin the 

 scalp is composed of the expanded tendon of the 

 occipito-frontalis muscle, and of intermediate cellular 

 tissue and blood-vessels. Injuries of the scalp, 

 however slight, must be watched with great 

 caution, for they may be followed by erysipelas, 

 or by inflammation and suppuration under the 

 occipito-frontal muscle, or within the cranium, or 

 by suppuration of the veins of the cranial bones, 

 and general pya-mia that may easily prove fatal. 

 If dressed antiseptically at an early stage the risk 

 of such accidents is of course greatly diminished. 

 In the treatment of a wound of this region no part 

 of the scalp, however injured it may be, should 

 be cut or torn away ; and, if possible, the use of 

 stitches should be avoided, as plasters and (windages 

 will generally suffice to keep the separated parts 

 in apposition. The patient should be confined to 

 the house (and in severe cases to bed), should be 

 moderately purged, and fed upon non-stimulating 

 but not too low diot. Hums of the scalp are very 

 liable to be followed by erysipelas and diffuse in- 

 flammation, but the brain is comparatively seldom 

 affected in these cases. Tumours of the scalp are 

 not iiiieommiin, the most frequent being the cutane- 

 ous cvste popularly known as Went (q.v.), and 

 vascular tumours. See HAIR; and for disease- ,,f 

 the scalp, see BALDNESS, and other references riven 

 at HAIR. 



SCALPING is the act, peculiar to North American 

 Indian warfare, of partly cutting, partly tearing 

 off a piece of the skin of the head, with the hair 

 attached ; whether the victim is alive or dead at 

 the time does not affect the operation. The 

 Indians, with whom scalps are the trophies of 

 victory, have always left a long lock or tuft on 

 the scalp as a challenge. Bounties have, in 

 American history, more than once been offered 

 for scalps : in 1724 100 was offered by Massa- 

 chusetts for Indian scalps ; in 1754, during the 

 French and Indian war, a bounty was offered by 

 the French for British scalps, and 100 by the 

 < ulonies for Indian scalps; in 17.V> Massachusetts 

 offered 40 for every scalp of a male Indian over 

 twelve years old, and 20 for scalps of women and 

 children ; &c. 



Srainnmler, the ancient name of a river in 



the Troad (see TROY), which was also called 



Xanthnsfdr., 'yellow') by the gods. As a divinity 



camander took an important part in the Trojan 



war through its destructive floods. The river rose 



in Mount Ida and discharged itself into the Helles- 



jont, after being joined by the Simois about two 



miles from its mouth : the two rivers, however, 



the 1st century A.D. have had separate 



There has been much controversy as to 



what modern rivpr corresponds to the ancient 



S< -.-inlander ; hut recent investigators have decided 



in favour of the Mendereh. 



Sraiiiinoiiv is a gum-resin of an ashy-gray 

 colour, and rough externally, and having a resinous, 

 splintering fracture. Few drugs are so uniformly 

 adulterated as scammony, which, when pure, con- 

 tains from 81 to 83 per cent, of resin (the active 

 purgative ingredient ), 6 or 8 of gum, with a little 

 starch, sand, fibre, and water. Ordinary adulter- 

 ants are chalk, flour, gnaiacum, resin, and gum 

 tragacanth. Scammony, when pure, is an excellent 

 and trustworthy cathartic of the drastic kind, well 

 adapted for cases of habitual constipation, and as an 

 active purgative forchildren. The resin of scammony, 

 which is extracted from the crude drug by rectified 

 spirit, possesses the advantage of Iteing always of a 

 nearly uniform strength, and of being almost taste- 

 less. The Srammony Mixture, composed of four 

 grains of resin of scammony, triturated with two 

 ounces of milk, until a uniform emulsion is obtained, 

 forms an admirable purgative for young children 

 in doses of half 

 an ounce or 

 more. Accord- 

 ing to Christi- 

 son, ' between 7 

 and 14 grains of 

 resin, in the form 

 of this emulsion, 

 constitute a safe 

 and effectual 

 purgative ' for 

 adults. Another 

 popular form for 

 the administra- 

 tion of scani- 

 niony is the- 

 Compound Pow- 

 der of Si-tun- 

 mony, composed 

 of scammony, 

 jalap, and gin. 



ger, the dose for I ^^H\ Ba 



a child being 

 from 2 to 6 

 grains, and for 

 an adult from 6 Scwnmony t Convolvulus Scammonia ) : 

 to 12 grains, a, portion of root (Bentley and Trimen). 

 Scammony ia 



frequently given surreptitiously in the form of 

 biscuit to children troubled with thread worms. 



The plant which produces this valuable drug is 

 Coiu'olvulut Scammonia (see CONVOLVULUS), a 

 native of the Levant It is a perennial, with a 

 thick fleshy tapering root, 3 to 4 feet long, and 3 to 

 4 inches in diameter, which sends up several smooth 

 slender twining stems, with arrow-head-shaped 

 leaves on long stalks. The root is full of an acrid 

 milky juice, which indeed pervades the whole plant. 

 The scammony plant is not cultivated, but the drug 

 is collected from it where it grows wild. The ordi" 

 nary mode of collecting scammony is by laying bare 

 the upper part of the root, making incisions, and 

 placing shells or small vessels to receive the juice 

 as it flows, which soon dries and hardens in the 

 air. 



Sraiidalnin niagnatmn, in English law, 

 means slander against the great men of the realm, 

 an offence which consisted in spreading false 

 reports concerning a peer, judge, or other great 

 oflicer. The statute of 1275 which created this 

 offence was repealed in 1887, ami the special forms 

 of action or criminal process formerly in use are 

 superseded bv the more general rules of the law 

 relating to Libel (q.v.) and Slander (q.v.). A 

 somewhat similar offence in Scotland is called 

 Leaning-making (q.v.). 



Scanderbeg, i.e. Iskander (Alexander) Beg 

 or Bey, the patriot chief of the Albanians, was 



