IM 



SCAltlU>KOl-f;H 



vnirene. It U a Urge and terrible cave, the doom 

 of which open to tin- north. This cave U built of 

 erpeoU wattled together, and tlio fanged heads of 

 all the Mrpente turn into the cave, filling it with 

 stream* of venom, in which perjurer*, mui.1. :.-!-. 

 and adulterer* have to wade. Bloody hearts hang 

 oaUide of tbehearUof the damm-il. Their faces 

 are dyed in gure. Strong envenomed -ei pent fangs 

 fiercely pierce their ln-urt'- : innl thc> hands arc 

 riveted together with red-hot stones. Tlicir rlotlii's 

 wrapped in Hames are not consumed, ami remorse- 

 ]* ravens keep tearing their eyes from their heads. 

 From this terrible ea\c the damned are, to increase 

 their angiiixli. witched by the veiioimniH Hoods into 

 Hvergelmcr, that fearful well in Nillheim, where 

 their -oul- and bodies are subjected to even more 

 terrible paina and woes ; torn by countless clusters 

 of serpent*, and borne from tfomg to agony on 

 the whizzing plumage of the primeval Nidliug, the 

 dragon of the uttermost darkness. The Scandi- 

 navian mythology ap|iears not to teach eternal 

 punishment. There comes a mighty one to the 

 great judgment, ami makes Nidhug sink. In her 

 last vi-ion in Yoluspa the vala |>oint to a time 

 h"n all tlmt is evil -hall be dissolved and washed 

 away by the eternal stream* of goodness. This is 

 the last vision of the vala : 



Thra comM the dark 

 Dragon Axing, 

 The thining nerpent 

 From the Nida-uiountalni 

 i ' 



Onr the pUin> he file. : 

 Ifeui bodfo. he dng> 

 In hit whining plumage. 

 Xov mtut SMug tin*. 



Soph us Bngge has published an elaborate work, 

 Stuater over de nurd Me yiuie, off heltesagns 

 OnrinJcltt ( German trans, by Professor Breniner, 

 .Munich, 1889), in which he attempts to trace the 

 influence <>{ Creek and Human mythology and of 

 Christianity on Scandinavian mythology. " ( tn the 

 otluT hand, Viktor Kydlierg, in his monumental 

 work Teutonir JfytMfoyy (trans, into English 

 by the present writer, London, 1889), has gi\en an 

 account of the mythology a.- it existed before it 

 came in contact with and was modified by the 

 Christian religion. The mythological materials 

 in a more or less changed form have l>een largely 

 a\i-ni. -ni.-d by Kydberg, particularly by his sub'- 

 jeeiing ihi. mythic |Kirtionsof the Ifistoria Dan tea 

 .<> Crainmaticiis to a moHt painstaking 

 .inal\-is. He han found the key to Saxo's methiHl 

 of turning niyih- and traditions into history, and 

 by tlii-i di-i-o\ery be han wcured many new ainl im 

 ortant contrilnitions to Scandinavian invtliolu^y. 

 hows that the Younger Edda is an nil- 

 le recoril of the Udinic religion. He has 

 aho Urgely inoreaHed our st.-k of mythological 

 ili liy analvsiiiK, for the first time, tin- 

 mythic (ra- ..... M |s found in the old Norse literature 

 outoide of the Klder Etlda. 



BM Run MacnuMn'i Lexicon Poetiewn, J. (JrimniB 

 Dnttelu IfftMagie (Knf. tnuu. by SUllybrwl. Oud- 

 brand yicfiuwo'i Corptu Poetunim Bortalt, Uing'. 

 H,t.ukr, n ,l (new L by R. B. Andenon, 1888), N.M. 

 PMMMD'i Hordut MMolapie, }. A. Munch'. Ifomtnc 

 *. y BeUe-Sop*, Krl Simrock'i DetttKkt Mytkoloyie, 

 WUbUn Haonhardf. (ffrmanitdu Milken, the present 

 writer ffnrtr MylMnty (Trth rl. 1H91). 



Hranla, the Houtliernmoot part of Sweden (q v ) 

 See CUMBKIW. 



Hraphold Knr ( < .1 . ./.'//./</=, ' a boat '), a term 

 applie>l t two wimewhat Uiat like bones, of which 

 oaf occur* in the carpim.or wrist (see HAND), and 

 Uw other in the tan>u of tin- Foot (q.v.). 



Srnpllla. S<- SM..I I.IIER. 



Srn pillar ( I-at. tcavula, 'the shoulder'), a por- 

 tion of the monastic habit, so called from it* being 

 worn ii|Hiii tin 1 slioiildci-. It i-iinsists of a long strip 

 of serge or stuff, the centre of which passes over 

 the head, one Hap hanging down in front, the other 

 upon the back. The colour differs for different 

 religious orders or congregations. Besides the 

 scapular wom l>v the niemlterx of religious orders 

 strictly so called, there exists also in tin- Koman 

 Catholic Church a religious association or confra- 

 ternity, the members of which, while living in the 

 world and mixing in the ordinary life. wear, under 

 the ordinary garb, two little pieces of cloth, con- 

 nected by strings' passii)}; over t he shoulders. The 

 chief duties of this confraternity consist in the 

 recitation of certain prayers, or the observance 

 of certain religious or aseetical exercises in devo- 

 tion to the Itlessed Virgin. This pious associa- 

 tion was founded in the first half of the IHtJi 

 century by an English Carmelite friar named 



Sii Stock, and was said to have originated in a 



vision ; hut this story is now discredited even by 

 Catholics, while they hold that the observance 

 itself is an aid to piety. 



SoaralWHS (Ateiickui sneer), one of the dung- 

 beetles (Copronhajja), well known for the zeal wiui 

 which they unite in rolling balls of dung to their 

 holes. The dung serves as food, and a beetle 

 having secured a ball seems to gnaw at it continu- 

 ously sometimes for a fortnight until the supply 

 is exhausted. Sometimes an egg is laid in the 

 ball and the parents unite in rolling this to a place 

 of safetv, above the level of the annual inunda- 

 tions. The genus i- represented by about sixty 

 species in the countries around the Mediterranean. 

 By the Egyptians the scarabitus was venerated 

 during it- lite, and often embalmed after death ! 

 Entomologists have recognised four distinct species 

 sculptured on the Egyptian monument-, and veins 

 of various kinds of stones were often fashioned in 

 their image. Several mystical ideas were asxoci- 

 ated with the scaralucus : the number of its 'toes,' 

 thirty, lymbollMd the days of the month ; the time 

 it depo-iied the balls containing the eggs was sup- 

 posed to refer to the lunar month ; 

 the movement of the ball referred to 

 the action of the sun on the earth, 

 and personified that luminary. The 

 scarabivus was -upposed to be only of 

 the male sex, hence it signified the 

 self-existent, Mlf-bogOtbHL generation 

 or metamorphosis, and the male or 

 paternal principle of nature. In this 

 sense it appears on the head of the 

 pygniican deity, I'lah Soehai is ( Isiris, 

 ami in astronomical and sepulchral formulas; and 

 Khepra was a scarab-headed god. The custom of 

 engraving scarab ^ems passed from Egyptians to 

 Creeks and Etruscans. An engraven scarab of 

 carnelian is figured at GEM. 



See Kev. W. J. Loftie, An Euay of Scarab$ (1884); 

 and \V. II. Hinder* Pi-trie, Hutoncal Scarabi (1889). 



Scaramouch (Hal. senramticeia, 'skirmish'), 

 a character in the old Italian comedy, originally 

 derived from Spain, renre-entiiig a military poltroon 

 and braggadocio. He was dressed in 'a sort of 

 Ili-pano Neapolitan costume, including a black 

 t'>'/if ami mantle, and a mask open on the fore- 

 head, cheeks, and chin, and always received an 

 inglorious drubbing at the liamls of 'harlequin. 



Scarborough. the '-Queen of Watering-places,' 

 in the North Hiding of Yorkshire, 54 mfles N. of 

 Hull, 21 SSK. of \Vhitby, t:t NK. of York, and 233 

 N. of London. Backed by Oliver's Mount (500 

 feet ), it rise* like an amphitheatre round a l>eauti- 

 ful sandy bay, protected on the north by a castle- 

 crowned headland (300 feet), beyond which is the 



Beaiak 



