KM 



>r\l I- III ( K 



x IIAI'K 



6th OMtury. At tin- Miiithi>rn extremity of tli 

 Wand land* lighthouse, whose light, 50 fee 

 above water, i- Msihlc In mile*. 

 K4-iiti| lii-k. s.s I H ,1:1. 

 Hcareacer's Danchler. See TORTURE. 

 tfeawfrll. See STAKKI.L. 

 Beeptldsai (Cr. *tf/>tomai, 'I consider' 

 trictly drnotni that condition in which iln< mind 

 i* before it baa arrived at eonclu-i\c opinions 

 when it is still in the act of reflecting, examining. 

 or pondering subjects of thought. Scepticism in 

 then-fore tin- op|M>-hc of dogmatism. '1 he notion 

 of 'disbelief is quite a secondary meaning of the 

 term. Among the Creeks a tkeptikoi, 'sceptic,' 

 was a thoughtful, inquiring person. But mas- 

 rauch a* tin- mass of men rush to conclusions with 

 haste, and assert them with far more positiveness 

 than their knowledge warrant*, the discerning few 

 of clearer vision are often brought into collision 

 with |Hipular beliefs more es|H.-cially in religion, 

 the sphere in which popular beliefs are mo-t 

 numerous, most i>mitive, and most inconsiderate 

 and are compelled, by the shock given to their 

 reason, to 'doubt.' it nrny lie to 'disMieve ' what 

 is believed and Hflinned by the multitude. Tims ii 

 is that in common parlance a sceptic has come to 

 mean an infidel, and scepticism infidelity. But 

 the field of thought in which scepticism properly 

 so called exercised itself is not religion hut philo- 

 sophy. In philosophy too the word acquired a 

 meaning different from doubt, or the negation of 

 dogmatism ; there wan a distinct tendency on the 

 part of those called sceptics to avoid coming to 

 a conclusion one way or another. Philosophical 

 sceptic* in all ages and countries have not so much 

 used iloiibt. like Descartes, as a philosophical in- 

 strument : they seem generally to have denied or 

 at least doubted the trustworthiness of the senses 

 as vehicle* of absolute truth, and so have destroyed 

 the very |>ssil>ility n f speculation. Pvrrho (q'.v.) 

 was the head of the first great school of professed 

 sceptics ; the Second Academy under Arcesilaus, 

 anil the Third under Carneodes, were less 

 thoroughly sceptical. The teaching of the Sophists 

 (q.v.) was also sceptical in tein|>er and tendency. 

 In modern times David Hume represented ad- 

 vanced scepticism in philosophy (as well as in 

 theology); and Kant's opposing philosophy, or a 

 large |iart of it, has been made the foundation of 

 Ke.-ptical systems. The doctrine of the liclativitv 

 of Knowledge (q.v.) taught by Hamilton and 

 lan*-l may easily ! MMM to a highly sceptical 

 extreme. Comtc's positivism is in t|| ( . metaphysi- 

 cal sphere even dogmatically sceptical ; in Secular 

 win (q.v.) there is a scepticism ,,f indifference to- 

 wards all theological and religious doctrine ; while 

 M (q.v.) may fairly be descrilied as 



OOtoUnlng i t of the characteristic features of 



philosophical and theological scepticism. 

 Hee the irticlM referred to .bore ; the hUtoric. of 

 kibMopby; Oraent Introduction to Hume', worki; 

 lUlf.nit . thin* ,,( pkiin^Jor l>nuU; .! Rev J 

 won > thm> work* on the Sceptic* ( 1881-93). 

 Sceptre ((Jr. ite/ilron, 'staff'), originally a 

 Uffor walking sii,-k, hence in course of time 'also 

 weapon of assault and of defence. At a very 

 early period the privilegnof carrying an ornamental 

 centre came to be connected with the idea of 

 authority and station. Both in the Old Tcsta- 

 nt and in Homer the m,,,t solemn oaths are 



mm* miiuiiin i Mil MS are 



rorn by the sceptre, and Homer speaks of the 



I".*," n ". r '!""" " f king-, princes, and 



- of tribe... I he sceptre was frequently an 



tvofjr truncheon pierced with gold or silver studs 



're of the king, of Home, apparently 



?nvsl frmn Ktriiria. and afterwards bom b'v 



coo.nl- ,, generaU, and einfierora, was of 



. ami siirmoiintod by an eagle. The sceptic, 

 which has \nried much in form, IIILS kept iU place 

 Maxymliol of royal authority through the middle 

 ages and down to the present time. The Knglish 

 Sceptre Koyal, surmounted by a cross, is 2 fe. 

 inches in length, mid is of gold, richly adorned \\ ill, 

 precious stones. This is placed in the sovei, i^-n's 

 hand at coronation. St Edward's staff, carried 

 liefore the sovereigns at coronation, is of lioaten 

 gold, 4 feet 74 inches long, with a foot or pike of 

 steel and the orb and cross at the top. Tln-n- 

 are also in the English regalia a king's sceptre 

 "itli the dove, a queen's .sceptre with the cross, 

 the q iu>en's ivory rod (the sceptic of the co, 

 of James II.), and another found in 1814, pre- 

 sumably that of Mary, consort of William III 

 See REGALIA. 



Schadow, a family of Berlin artists, of whom 

 three must be named. (1) JoHANN GoTTKIUED 

 SCHADOW, a sculptor, was born in IWHn on -jutl, 

 HU 1764, received his Wt training in Home (1786 

 to 1788), and was, on his return home, appointed 

 sculptor to the Prussian court, and in lso.1 icctoi ( in 

 1816 director) of the Academy of Arts. He died at 

 Ilerlin on 27th January ISfk). Among his most 

 important works were the quadriga on the Branden- 

 MUg gate in Berlin, statues of Frederick the Great 

 I)i; Stettin, Blncher for Uostin-k. I.nther for 

 Wittenberg, numerous busts of great Germans, 

 tad monument*] toml* to General Tancntzien 

 and Von Arnim. He wrote some books dealing 

 with Us Art. See his Bricfe vnd Atifsaize (1864) 

 (2) HUDOLF, son of the preceding, born in Home 

 on 9th July 1786, died there on 31st January 1822, 

 vox trained as a sculptor by his father, and, follow 

 n- t be example of his brother) see below ), renounced 

 I rotestantism for Roman C'litholicisni. His \>esi 

 vorks were a Spinning-girl, Achilles and Pent he 

 ilea, John the Baptist, and Virgin and Child 

 3) FRIEDRICH AVIUIKI.M SCHADOW-GODENHAUS, 

 econd son of the first-named above, was a painter, 

 me of the 'Nazarite' school, to which belonged Over- 

 eck (q.v.), Schnorr, and Veil. Born in Merlin on 

 >th SeptemlH-r 1789, he proceeded to Home in 1810, 

 tomed there the works of the old masters, <;, 

 under the influence of Cornelius, Overbeck, and 

 their associates, went over to Roman Catholicism 

 (1814), and executed two frescoes for Bartholdv's 

 villa at Home. In 1819 he was called to be pro- 

 fessor of Painting at tin Iterlin Academy of Arts, 

 and in 1826 was appointed t<> succeed Cornelius 

 OH the head of the Dnsseldorf school. He gathered 

 round him enthusiastic pupils: indeed his^ifUas 

 a teacher were superior to his talents as a painter 

 although his 'Mignon,' the 'Wise and Foolish 

 Virgina, 'Heavenly and Karlhly Love,' 'Heaven ' 

 Purgatory,' and 'Hell' are admirable in their 

 way. In 1859 he resigned the directorship of the 

 Dusseldorf Academy, and on 19th March 1862 

 died in that town. He wrote Vber ,ieii Kiiifliist 

 (let Ctiristenthunu <mf die tnldende Kmigt (Dus- 

 seldorf, 1843) and an art romance, Der Moderne 

 \<u,,ri (1854). See Httbner, Sctutdow und seine 

 - 



Brhafarik (Suifarzik), PAUL JOSEPH, Slavonic 

 philologist and archn-ologist (1795-1861). gee 

 BOHEMIA (LITERATURE). 



SchalT. PHILIP, a learned Presbyterian theo- 

 logian, WHS Iwrn at Coire in Switzerland, January 

 119, studied at Tubingen, Halle, and Berlin, 

 and was already a privat-docent in the last uni- 

 versity, when in 1843 he was called, on the recom 

 iiieiidation of Neander. Tholuck, and Julius 

 Muller, to l>e professor in the theological semin- 

 ary at Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, of the United 

 btates German Reformed Church. Here he lec- 

 tured for twenty years; and during the war he 



