-ill ASSHUHG 



SCHELDT 



academy in Berlin ; but since 1873 he him devoted 

 hinuelf to composing and concerto. In 1881 lie 

 started a roniiie scliool in Berlin. Hi- roni|x)Hi 



embracing trio*, quartette, sonatas, con- 

 certos, 'studies, and some famous FulUli dance 



belong to the modern school. 



See SBQBSVAR. 



_, a sovereign German 



princi|>ality, lying between Westphalia and Han- 

 over. Area, 131 so. m. ; pop. ( 1 890 ) 39, 1 83. ' 

 culture is the chief occii|Mition. though some coal is 

 extracted. The people are mostly Lutherans. The 

 prince governs with the help of an assembly of 

 fifteen members, ten of whom are elected by the 

 towns and the country districts, the rest by the 

 prince, the nobility, and the clergy and educated 

 classes. The state sends one deputy to the German 

 Reichstag. Capital. Hnckel.urg (pop. 5088). The 

 principality was founded by a menilier of the Lippe 

 (q.v.) family, as the count-hip of Schaumburg, in 

 1640. The head of this branch of the family 

 assumed the princely title in 1807. 



SrhrHr, CARL WILHELM, chemist, was Wn 

 on 19th December 174'J. at StraUund in I'omerania, 

 then belonging to Sweden, and was apprenticed to 

 a chemist at Gothenburg, and was afterwards 

 chemist's assistant at Malmo, Stockholm, I'psnla, 

 and Knping (at the western end of Lake Malar), 

 and died at Kttping, 19th May 1786. His whole 

 life was devoted, with the absorbing passion of 

 the lover of science and of nature, to chemical 

 experiment and investigation. And, although his 

 apparatus was very primitive and his means 

 limited, he made a great numlx-r of discoveries of 

 the utmost iiM|>ortanee for the advance of chemistry. 

 Hediscoven-d hydrofluoric, tartaric, henzoic, arseni- 

 ous, molylnlic. lactic, citric, malic, oxalic, gallic, 

 and other acids. Chlorine, baryta, oxygen (1777), 

 glycerine (1783), and sulphuretted hydrogen gas 

 were all separated by him independently. He 

 obtained the salts of manganese, and showed 

 how manganese colours glass. The green pig- 

 ment called Scheele's green, the arsenite of copper, 

 derives it* name from the chemist who first 

 described it (see GRKBX PIGMENTS), as does also 

 the mineral wheelite or tungsten. He demonstrated 

 in 1777 that the atmosphere consists chiefly of two 

 gases, one, empyreal or fire-air (i.e. oxygen), sup- 

 porting combustion, the other preventing it This 

 discovery of oxygen was made independently of 

 Priestley's discovery three years Iwfore. In'l7s:i 

 Scheele described prussic acid, which he proved to 

 be the determining cause of the colouring matter 

 in Prussian blue. He wan a worker of wonderful 



verance, and genius. ami worked Ixith 

 d synthetically. His papers were 

 published in Knglish by T. Bnddoes ( Lond. 1786), 



accuracy, persevera 

 analytically and s 



, 



then- being corresponding Latin, German, French. 

 &c. editions ; and in 189*2 Baron Nnrdenskiiild 

 published a number of his unedited letters and 

 papers. 



NrhrfTrl, .IOKKPH VIKTOR VON, German poet, 

 ws born at Carlsnihc on 16th February 182H, 

 and was e<lncate<l, at Heidelberg, Munich, and 

 Berlin. to follow the law. But he always had a 

 dislike to this pursuit, and after live years' work 

 at it he gave it up. Hi- intent-t wan* fixed upon 

 the life of early and tnediii-val (Jerrnany. and his 

 inclination towards literature was irresistible. An 

 stum as be had shaken oil the trammels of routine 

 work, he hurried away to Italy and l>egan to write. 

 irnt book, which he never surpassed, was Der 

 Tromptlfr von SaJkJnngfn. >> >//.-' .-.//* f >l>-rt-tn in 

 (IH.M). a tale in verse of the time of the Thirty 

 Years' War, stAepnl in the spirit of German 

 romance, Iwt as frenh in feeline as a May morning, 

 and lightened with Iy, genial humour; not the 



least charming features of the book are ite many 

 Hongs and the humorous reflections of Iliddi- 

 geigei the Tom cat. Its popalftrity is attested 

 !> the fact that the I'.MJth eilnion ap|>eare<l ill 1891, 

 or at the rate of more than live editions a year 

 since it was lirst published. ScheMel's second 

 lM)k, a prose story of the HMh rentury. Kl.l.tlutrd 

 (1857), telling ho the yonn^ monk of St Cull fell 

 in love with the Dnclietis of Swabia whilst leach- 

 ing her to read N'irgil, also enjoys extraordinary 

 popularity : the 1'Joth edition w;i- puldi-hed in 1891. 

 Ten years after El;l;ehur<l ap|ieared Scheflel sent 

 out liaiiilfiiiiitis ( 1867 ; 54th ed. 1891 ), a collection 

 of soiif,-s and Iwillads, which are known to all ('T- 

 man students, and sung everywhere throughout the 

 Katherland. Vet, curiously enough, Schellel him- 

 self had no ear for music, and is said neter to have 

 Keen present at a concert in his life. His remain- 

 ing liooks include two romances Hugideo (1884), 

 a tale of the 5th century, and Jimi/*! .< ( IS68), 

 placed in the end of the 12th century, the era of 

 the cnisiules and the heyday of chivalry three 

 collections of poems Frtm Aventivrt, l.i<-<l<-r nut 

 11,'iirich von (lfti-ri/i>ti/rnx Zcit (1863; l.'itli ed. 

 1883); Bmmtabntn (1870; 4th ed. 1883), the 

 visions of St Wolfgang, bishop of llatislmn, seen 

 in the solitude of his hermit's hut on the Salz- 

 burg Alps; and Wald&ntamkeit ( 1880), a dozen 

 pictures of landscape-painting in words and three 

 or four short collections of posthumous Grdic/ite 

 (1887-91). After his return from Italy Scheffel 

 settled down in his native town, and died there on 

 9th April 1886. 



See Life by J. ProUw (1887), by Ruhemann (1886), 

 and Pilz ( 1887 ) ; also the Krinnerungen by Zemin ( 1886). 



SrlirllVr. ARY, a painter, was the son of a 

 German painter settled at Dordrecht in Holland, 

 and was born there on 12th February 1795, studied 

 under Guerin in Paris, and began his artistic 

 caieer as a painter of genre pictures. But the 

 I Ionian tic ism of the early 19th century capti- 

 vated his fancy : he produced numerous pieces 

 illustrative of Goethe*. Byron's, and Dante's 

 works, such as 'Margaret at the Well," 'Faust 

 in his Study,' 'Migiion and her Father,' the 

 'Soldiers of Missolonghi,' the ' Suliote Women," 

 ' Francesca da llimini,' 'Dante and Beatrice in 

 Heaven," and many others. Shortly after 1835 

 he turned to religious subjects, and painted (but 

 did not always then exhibit) ' Christus Renmner- 

 ator," 'ChristUB Consolator," 'The Temptation of 

 Christ.' ' St Augustine and Monica," &c. His l>e*t 

 jKirt raits were of the Duchess de Broglie, Prince 

 Talleyrand, Queen AmeJie, Liszt, Madame Viardot, 

 Madame Cuizot, La Fayette, Bcranger, and Laniar- 

 tine. He died at Argentouil, near Paris, 15th 

 June 1858. The pure and lofty expression he gives 

 to his creations is a conspicuous feature of his 

 work, which has been accused of sentimentality, 

 and is inferior to that of many contemporaries in 

 technique and execution. See Memoir by Mrs 

 Grot* (1860). 



Scheldt (Lat. Scaldis, Fr. Esranl), a river that 

 rises in the French dept. of Aisne, Hows north past 

 Cambrai and Valenciennes, and, entering Belgium, 

 passes Tournai, Oudenarde, Ghent, IX-ndermonde, 

 and Antwerp, having received among other tribu- 

 taries the Lys, Dendcr, and liupcl. Arrived oppo- 

 site the island of South Beveland, it divides into 

 two anns. The left or southern, called the Wester 

 Scheldt, flows south of the islands of Beveland and 

 Walcheren, and meets the North Sea at Flushing ; 

 the northern or right arm, called the Ooster Scheldt, 

 panes to the north of the same two islands. The 

 river is navigable to Cambrai, 21 1 miles from iU 

 mouth and 66 from its source. From the middle of 

 the 17th to the end of the 18th century the Dutch 



