206 



SC1IKMMTZ 



RCHKHER 



the 19th century ; and again in tending to make 

 .N'/>in< the chief factor in the world process. In 1 he 

 Identity I'hilimnhv Schelling repeat* a good deal 

 ol the Natural Philosophy, and the weakest |>art 

 of hi system (only possible in the infancy of 

 science )i hi* partly rational and partly fanta-n 

 cal ami merely verbal construction of nature in the 

 so-called a priori way. 



The fact that Schelling conld never describe to 

 himself his Atnolute nave in tin- im>-i formal way 

 Irft his MUM. I O|M-II to the influence of mystical 

 speculation : In- could never think exactly to him- 

 self how I In- finite arose out of its dark, infinite 

 background, a nitration with which he occupied 

 himself in the iHitJilitfntions into the Essence of 

 Hiiiiinn r'rtnliim. In the Utter treatise what he 

 chiefly docs i to translate into language of Reason 

 Kiich 'truths of Itcvelation as that of the Trinity, 

 under which (iod the Father is seen to go out of 

 Him-elf to tin- creation nf a world : in some such 

 way by an denial act l-cforc all time man made 

 him-elf what h- i*. and ever asserts his freedom 

 until liy another eternal act he unites himself to 

 (tod. ami thus bring* the world back to God and 

 ls.mies its Redeemer. The promised Positive 

 Philosophy which was to advance l--\on.l merely 

 ..live or critical philosophy came to he simply 

 tin- philosophy of Mythology and Revelation. 

 What BebeUing objoatod to in the philosophy of 

 Hegel waa its attempt to extract all out of tin- 

 Idea or Reason ; there must he thought be some- 

 thing like Will, or Tendency, or Process to account 

 for the illogical and finite aspect of some things, a 

 fact which tinned his mind to Nature as the fore- 

 court to Spirit, and connects his philosophy with 

 the strange system of Schojienhauer, which is a 

 pantheism of the Will, us Hegel's philosophy may 

 be called a pantheism of the Idea, and Schelling a 

 of the Spirit. It was in Keeping with the mystical 

 character of Schelliugs mind that he should look 

 forward to a .lohannine church of the future rising 

 o\er tin- ruins of I'elritii-in and I'aulinism. 



A full account of Scliclliiv; will be found in any of the 

 larger hiitorien of Philosophy, HUCII M those of Knlmann 

 (Kng. trans, by Hough, :t v.iU 1889! and Knno Fischer. 

 Morrl!, in hi llittory of Modrrn Pliiloinphy, it largely 

 influenced throughout by Sclu-llmi:, and give*, of course, 

 an account of him. See aluo Watson's SeJielling'i Trait*- 

 endntal Idealism (Oriitg'a Classics, Chicago, 1883); A. 

 Seth'n Kant tn Hryrl ; Frantx, Setullings 1'otitirf 1'hilo- 

 topkir; Hartniann, Studirn n. Avftdtu ; D. Marheiiu-kc, 

 am of SfkeUiny'i I'hil.aophy of Rntlation ( 1843) ; 

 Pflriderer, /'Ai/ojopAv f JMiiiion, vol. ii. ; works on 

 Sohefflng bv Noack (1859), H. liecker (1875); and the 

 biographical Ant SekeUings Leben: in lirirfen, ed. by 

 Plitt(3voU 1870). 



Hrhrmnttz ( Magyar Selmeczbdnya), the oldest 



and moot famous mining town of Hungary, stands 

 in a narrow mountain gorge, 65 miles N. oy W. of 

 I 1 .. tli. Together with its siihurl it has 15,265 

 inhnliitants. tnostly Slovaks. The academy for 



mining and forestry ihracing collwtions of 



mini-ruin and a chemical laboratory, is the principal 

 huildiiiK ; there are also two castles and a pilgrim 

 age church. A highly -esteemed tohacco-pipe is 

 manufactured here and ex|mrted to America. The 

 mini* have been worked since Roman times, and 

 produce gold and silver, cop|HT and lead. The 

 lainili-- of tin: miners make lace. Tobacco and 

 \iolin -tiingH an- also made. Two-thirds of the 

 mine* are state pro|>crty. 



KrhrnrrtiidT. a city and rounty-wat of New 

 York, on the Krie 'annl and the south liank of the 

 Mohawk River. 17 mile* 1-v mil N\V. of Albany, 

 the seat of I'nion College (17n. r ): since 1*73, 

 in virtue of the affiliation to it of law and medical 

 nrhnnln nt Alhanv. I'nion 1'nivprnity ), and contains 

 marhinen- and li-omotive works, stove-fonndrien, 



woollen and flour mills, broom-factorie*, tie. 

 ctady was settled by the Hutch in 1661. 

 In Ittitll the' place a- Imrip-d and lil of tile inhabi- 

 tants nca~~a.-r.-d and '.Hi carried oil by the French 

 and Indian-. I'-.p. I ISSMi) I9.B03 ; ( 1900) S1.88& 



Nrhrllkcl. 1>AMKI.. a learne<l and aggressive 

 (lei man theologian, IMU-II in Switzerland, at IWger- 

 len in Xuricli. l)e<-emlier 21, 1813. He studied at 

 Basel ami liottingen, and had been successively 

 jirimt ,li>eent at Basel and pastor at BeJwfflUMBB, 

 \vlien in 1840 he liecame professor of Tlicn 

 at liasel. In 1S.M. through the inlluence of I 11 

 maun and t'mhn-it. he was called to Heidell-rg. 

 where he died, Muv 19, 1885, shortly after retiring 

 from his chair, llere also he. had been both uni- 

 versity preacher and Kirchcniath. In his \oiith 

 almost orthodox and a vigorous antagonist of Swiss 

 radicalism, he became a prominent leader of the 

 famous I'rotcstantenverein, a champion of ecclesi- 

 astical literalism and of the rights of the laity. 

 From 1860 to 1872 be edited in it* interest the 

 Alliirmriiic Kirchliche Zcittrhrift, and with a yet 

 wider propagandist aim he associated with himself 

 a group ot its liberal theologians in the preparation 

 of a great Bibei-Lexikon (.". \ol-. Istiii ~:,\. His 

 most important scientific work was Dux Wexrn des 

 Protestantismtts aus den Qtiellen des liefurmatiotu- 

 :titaltert belevcfitet (3 vols. 1846-51 ), in which he 

 explains Protestantism as a task to be progres- 

 sively realised rather than a system of doctrine or 

 of church government. Its aim is more than to 

 give a comprehensive scheme of dogma to the 

 church and a key for the interpretation of divine 

 revelation to the individual Christian conscience 

 it is to create a community of believers whose 

 fellowship rests on the re-esliiblishment of humanity 

 through Jem < 'hrist. Further, in Dcr Unii<slnriif 

 deterangrlixi-ln n 1'rotcsliiiilisiiiiis ( 18.W) he pointed 

 out the substantial identity that underlay the 

 dillerences between the Lutheran and the Reformed 

 Confessions. His (////*////, linitiniilil: (2 vols. 

 1858-59) follows Schleierniacher in making con- 

 science the spring of religion, the intellectual and 

 the moral elements involved being but different 

 aspects of its essence. In his famous book, Das 

 l'lii<r<il;trrliil<l Jrxii (1864). he essayed a task for 

 which his powers were inadequate. He attempts 

 to construct the human charactei of Jesus in rela- 

 tion to his consciousness of the Messianic idea, 

 and entirely eliminates the supernatural, the only 

 miraclesadmitted those of healing befOKIwhUM 

 to mere psychological cures. l!i~ Jesus i- merely 

 a sublimated modern radical reformer, and one 

 over-addicted to rhetoric In-side-. 



Other books of this voluminous writer were Die 

 Kirrhlirhf Fragr und Hire Prat. Ltaunii (1HC.LM; Die 

 Ornndlrhrrn d. Ckrittentham* aim drm Btmitttsein d. 

 i;/,,lns (1877); a Life of SchU-iennach.T (M 

 Chrittrntum und Kirehe (1867); and Dot ChrMusbild 

 der AfwM v. drr AachapotMitchtn Zrit (1879). 



Scherer. KIIM<I\H HIMM AIMH.PHE, a dis- 

 tinguished French critic, wim IMIHI in Paris in 1S1">. 

 His father was of Swiss extraction, and his mother 

 was the daughter of a London hanker settled in 

 1'aiis. After receiving the elements of his educa- 

 tion in Paris, he was sent to England to reside 

 with a dissenting minister, the Rev. Thomas Loader 

 of Monmouth. During his two years' residence 

 Schcrer acquired a knowledge of the English lan- 

 guage, which he turned to excellent account in his 

 subsequent career as a literary critic. At this 

 time also he became so deeply influenced by reli- 

 gions feelings that it was bis strong desire at once 

 to Ix-gin theological studies with a view to entering 

 the church. By the desire of his parents, however, 

 be returned to Paris, and during the next three 

 vear* he completed his studies in literature and 

 law. In 1836 he went to Ktia-lmrg. where he- 



