too 



8CII1LLIM. 



SCHLAG1NTWEIT 



S, hillillL. JOHANNES, Certniui sculptor. wa- 

 born at Miltweida in Saxony, on 23d June 1828, 

 Hii.i a tniined in Dresden and Berlin. In 1853 

 IIP went (< Italy, having won 11 tliree years' travel- 

 ling scholarship. In I<W lie was elected a pro- 

 fewor or tin- Academy of Fine Art in Dresden, 

 where lie had been MMM since his return n..m 

 Italy. Hi* Bret great work was the four groups of 

 the Seasons for Dresden ; for that i-'ty he al-o 

 executed monument* of Kietschel the sculptor mill 

 King .lohn of Saxony, and the colossal l>ionysiis 

 nml Ariadne in bronze for the Itoyal theatre. lli> 

 masterpiece is the national iiKiniiiiient of Gcrmania 

 mi tin' Nieilerwald (u.v. ), commemorative of tin- 

 war of 1870-71. Besides numbers of frescoes ami 

 -null. n .iinane-iital works, he has also turned out 

 monument- of S<-liiller (for Vienna) and the 

 Emperor Maximilian (for Trieste), and a war 

 memorial for llaiiihurg. 



Nrhiimnrl|M>iiiiinrk. MARY ANN, was 

 in Staffordshire. i'lth November 17HS, tlM daughter 

 of a Quaker manufacturer named Gallon. After 

 her marriage in 1805 to Mr I-aml>rt Schimmel- 

 penninck, die lived at or near Bristol ; in 1818 

 joined the Moravian body ; ami, having suffered 

 from |>aralysis since 1837, died at Clifton in Augii-t 

 185ft. Her nine works, published lietween 1813 

 and I860, include two on Port Itoval, a Theory of 

 Beauty, Sacred Mutiny*, and an Autobiograji/iy. 



Svliinkrl. KARL FRIEDRICII, a German archi- 

 tect, was born at Xeunippin in Brandenburg, 

 March 13, 1781, ami studied the principles of draw- 

 ing and design at Berlin. In May 1811 he was 

 .-.1 a member of, and in 1820 a professor at, the 

 Berlin Hoyal Academy. He died Octolicr 9, 1841. 

 The designs to which lie chiefly owes his reputation 

 are those of the Museum, the Royal Guard-house, 

 the Memorial of the War of Liberation, the New 

 Theatre, the New Potsdam Gate, the Observatory, 

 the Artillery and Engineers' School, ajl in Berlin, 

 the Casino in Potsdam, another at Glicnicke near 

 Potsdam, and a great nuiiiW of castles, country- 

 houses, churches, and public buildings. His designs 

 are classic in feeling, noble, harmonious, and digni- 

 fied. He also excelled as a painter, and as a de- 

 signer of monuments and of furniture. His designs 

 and sketches were published in Sttmmlmig archi- 

 tdetonitcher Entteitrfe (174 plates, 1857-58), Werte 

 dtrhohrren Baukunst (25 plates, 1873), Grundlaqe 

 ttrr prnHivken Baitkunst ( 2 vols. 1835), and Samm- 

 luny von Mobelentwurfen (16 plates, 1852). See 

 Life by Kugler (1842), by Quast (1866), and by 

 I'..], me (1882). 



SclilnUH, a genus of trees and sbnilm of the 

 natural order Anacardiaceu-, natives of South 

 America. The leaves so abound in a resinous or 

 tur|>entine like fluid that upon the least swelling 

 of the other |Mirtions of the leaf by moisture it is 

 discharged front the sacs which contain it Thus 

 they till the air with fragrance after rain, or if 

 thrown into water start and jump about as if 

 alive, discharging jet* of this (icculiar fluid. A 

 sort of honey and also a kind of vinegar is made 

 by the Peruvian, of the fruit of Schinus mnlli 

 (Peruvian mastic), and they also make a vinous 

 drink from it by boiling. A resinous gum exudes 

 from the -t.-m whii-h is of the nature of ma-tii-. 

 The freh bark of N. iimriri is employed by the 

 Brazilians to coat newly-made ropes with, to which 

 it give* a vcrv durable dark-brown covering. It 

 iid to lie dangerous to sli-en under it* shade, 

 causing (minful swelling-.. The same pheno- 

 Mooa is exhibited by the leaves of some species 

 of the kindred genii Duvniia. of which specimens 

 are occasionally to 1.- *-n in our greenhouses. 

 The leaves ami twig- when bruised nave a very 

 strong odour of tui|-ntin- 



X, lli|ka. SeeSllll-KA. 



S-lii||K-rkv I Flemish, 'little skipper'), the 

 najMOt a bleed ni do-!, that has recently become 

 familiar at dog shows, iH-loiiging to the same 

 group as the Eskimo and Pomeiiiniaii dog, lint 

 with almost no tail. They an- favomiti-x of the 

 Belgian Iwirgees, and from them have derived 

 their name. 



Schism, ecclesiastical division in a church or 

 separation from a church; as also tin- tendency 

 to promote such division. The <ln;it Srhism or 

 Creek Seiiism is the separation of the Greek Chnn-h 

 (i|.v.) from the Ijitin : the tem|irarj' Western 

 S-hisiu is dealt with at AxTll'ol'K, PoPK. 



Sfliist (Gr. srliistos, 'sjilit') is a term properly 

 applied to crystalline rocks with a foliated struc- 

 ture (see IMII.IA'I'ICIN), as mica-srhi-t. hornblende- 

 si-hist. <fcc. Indurated clay-rwks with a fissile 

 structure are sometimes erroneonrfy dc^-tilic.i 

 srhists. For the sehUtose rucks, see PETRO- 

 tiliAI'llY and GKIII.IM^ . 



Schlzomyrrlrs ('fission-fungi'), a iM.tanical 

 term for Bacteria. It refers to their COIIHIIOIUM. 

 mode of reproduction by transverse division. The 

 term Schizophyte is also synonymous with Bac- 

 teria. The advantage of the term BeUwnyMtM 

 i- iis harmony with similar terms Saccharomy- 

 cetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomyeete-. A,r. applied to 

 other sets of fungoid plants, SIM- HA< II:I:IA. 



>rhl:ii:ilil >\ <-it. the name of five brothers who 

 all distinguished themselves as travellers or as 

 writers on sciences allied to geography. Three of 

 them HERMANN' VON BCRLAOUmnOT, born at 

 Munich on 13th May 1826 ; ADOLF, Uirn at Munich 

 th January 1829:" and KOIIKRT, U.rn on '27th 

 October 1833 worked for the most part in com- 

 pany, and in the same departments of inquiry. 

 IliTiiiann and Adolf lirst made themselves known 

 as investigators of the physical geography of the 

 Alps, through two liooks Untctwchwigeii iiber die 

 physiktilixrlie driHjnijiliie drr Al)>cn (1850) an<l a 

 continuation, Neite Untcrsiir/nniiti >i ( ls."4 ). Shortly 

 after the publication of the last named Wilhulm 

 von HiimiMildt got them, along with Holiert, re- 

 eommended to the British Fast India ('om]iany, 

 who sent them out to India to make observations 

 on terrestrial magnetism, to measure mountain 

 altitudes, and carry on meteorological and ;_ 

 nostie investigations. Thex spent near ly I wo years 

 and a half in executing their commission, and in 

 the course of it travei.-ed great part of the IVcean, 

 and crossed the main chains of the Himalayas, ami 

 penetrated into Tibet. Hermann also made his 

 way alone into Sikkim and Assam, and then in 

 company with Roliert explored pails of I.adakh, 

 and crossed, the lirst of all Europeans, the Kuen- 

 l.nn Mountains, for which feat Hermann was in 

 later years nicknamed ' Sakiinliinski.' Adolf in 

 the meantime examined the geological structure 

 of the Nilgiris in the south, explored parts of Haiti 

 ill western Tiliet, and in the summer of 1 857 crossed 

 the Kaiakorum and Km-n-Lun Mountains and 

 reached Yarkand ; tin-re, however, he was sei/cd 

 by Yakub Beg, emir of East Turkestan, and put 

 to death on 26th August. ll< rmann on his return 

 to Europe settled down to private life, and ga\o 

 his eneigies chiefly to (In- publication of scientific 

 pa|-rs. Hi- died at Munich on 19th January 1882. 

 HOMrt w-as in 1863 ap]iointed professor of Geo- 

 graphy at Giessen, where he died on 6th June 1885. 

 The Schlagintwcits' travels in India are recorded 

 in their Jirxn/ft of a Scientific Mission to India 

 and High Asia (4 vols. Leip. 1800-06). During 

 two long journeys through the UnUed States in 

 1869 anil 1880, Robert gathered materials for works 

 on the I'acilic railways (1870, 1884, 1886), Cali- 

 fornia ( 1871 ), the Mormons ( 1877 ), &c. 



