214 



sciii.ossKi; 



srilMT/KK 



ml there he discovered invaluable treasured (now 

 in llx- Polytechnic at Athens), and exposed build 

 ing* of great antiquity anil interest (see MM i \ i 

 HP aim carried mi exploration-, in the island of 

 Itliaca ( 1889 and 1878), at Orchomenus ( 1881-82), 

 and at Tiryn* (1884-85). The result* of his 

 labours are dncribed in the monographs on My- 

 tenor (1877; Kna. trans. 1877): HIM, with an 

 autobiography of the author, and notes, &c- by 

 Profewor* Virchow and Max Miiller (1880; Eng. 



M. 1880); OrrJiomem* (1881); Troja (1883; 



5. Iran*. 1883); Tirynt (188ti; Eng. trans. 



6); and Bericitt vber die Ansgraoiinyen tin 



Troja i>n Jtilire 1830 ( 1891 ). He wrote also Itluikn, 

 der Pelopoiiite*, ttnd Troja (1809); Trojanische 

 AHerlhi,mer ( 1874) ; and Reite in der Troas ( 1881 ). 

 Schliemann die<l at Naples on 27th December 1890, 

 and wax buried at Athens. S.-.- I)r Sclmchardt's 

 SrAlirnuiHii'* Autyrabungrn (!890; Eng. trans. 

 1891 ), and his owii Stlbitbioyrnphie ( 1891 ). 



SrhlosMT. KiiiKimirn CmtisTorii, a German 

 historian, Uirn at Jever in Oldenburg, 17th No- 

 vemlicr 1776, was educated at (Jottingen, and. 

 after spending many years as a private tutor Hint 

 academic teacher, was (1819) called to Heidellierg 

 as professor of History, and died there, September 

 83, 1861. His principal writings are Gesrhichte tier 

 bildenturmenden AT<uVr ( 1812) ; Weltmsrhichle (9 

 Tola. 1817-24 ) ; GetcfueJiie dt 18 Jahrh. ( 1823 ; flth 

 ed. 8 vols. 1804-66; Eng. trans. 1843-52); Getchichtr, 

 dtr Altrn Welt tmd Hirer Cultur ( 1826-34) ; Welt- 

 getchichtt fur da* DeuttcJte Volk (18 vols. 1844-56 ; 

 4th ed. 19 vols. 1884-88); and Sttntirn iibrr Dnte 

 (1855V Schlosser's ideal of the historian's art was 

 ethical : he wrote neither from the literary stand- 

 point, nor yet from the critical, l>ut from the moral. 

 Yet he U not uncritical ; for he exercised the crit- 

 ical intelligence of a widely-read historian with a 

 tern love of truth. Hi* books have hod great in- 

 fluence with the middle classes of Germany. There 

 arc German Lives of him by Gervinus ( 1861 ), Wel>er 

 (1876), ErdniannsdorfTer (1876), and O. Lorenz 

 (1878). 



Srhlllsselhlimc, a town anil prison-fortress of 

 Rnwia, the fortress being on a rockv islet in the 

 Neva where it issues from Lake Iwu)oga, and the 

 town (pop. 5542) on the right lunik of the river. 

 Here the dethroned Czar Ivan VI. was murdered 

 by authority, after twenty-three years' imprison- 

 ment in thiH and other fortresses. 



Srlimnlknldrn, an old town of Hesse-Nassau, 

 Prussia, stands 19 miles S\V. of Gotha, is sur- 

 rotindeil with iloulile walls, contains a castle, a 

 town house in which the historic 'articles' were 

 signi-d. iiml carri'-M on iron-mining and hanl\\itn> 

 niiiiiiifnctiiiex. I 'up. T.'tlX. It is the liirtliploceof 

 Karl Wilhelm ( IMI; 7.1), coni|MMier of the ' Waclit 

 am Klii-iii. 1 



LKA<II;K OF STHMAUCALD, a defensive alliance 

 concluded at Kchmalkalden on 4th April i.Vtl 

 between nine Protestant princes and eleven im- 

 perial cities, with whom other princes and imperial 

 eUie ulwennently maile eommon cause. The 

 Elector of Saxony and the Landgrave of He e 

 wi-ie IMobtod chiefs of the league. The object 

 of thi formidable alliance, which included nearly 

 all tin- Pmtmtant states from Denmark to Swit/cr- 

 lanil, wa tin- i-ommon defence of the religion and 

 political freedom of thn Protestants against the 

 KmiM-riir Chnrlm V. and the Catholic states. The 

 confederation won consolidated by the Article* of 

 Sdtmnlknl'l. dinwn up by Luther at Wittenberg in 

 1688. A conflict was of courw- inevitable. In tin- 

 war of Srhiimlknld that ensued (1546) when the 

 emperor got leisure to turn his attention to the 

 matter the strength of the Protestants was crippled 

 and dissipated by jealousies, but especially by the 



defection of Duke Maurice of Saxony, so that in 

 tbe battle of MiihlU-rg (24th April 1547) the 

 Elector of Saxony it he bead of the elder branch 

 of tbe Saxon house. Duke Maurice being the head 

 of the younger branch), Philip of Hesse, and other 

 Protestant chiefs were taken prisoners and their 

 HI my routed. This caused the league to break up. 

 The Protestant cause wa.s. however, revived live 

 years later by Duke Maurice, who had in the 

 meantime been made Elector in-teiul of his unfor- 

 tunate kinsman, and who in l.'i.Vj returned to bis 

 old allegiance to Luther's tcttrhing. 



Srhmil/. l.i.oMi u:n. \v;is bom in 1807, and 

 educated at the Gymnasium of Aix-la-Chapelle 

 and at the new university of Komi, where he was 

 profoundly influenced by Niebuhr, Welcker, and 

 Itnindis. Mis marriage loan Kn^lisb lady in 1837 

 drew him to England, and here with Dr \\ . 

 Smith he completed the translation ( vol. iii. 1842) 

 of Nicbuhr's history which Hare and Thirlwull had 

 liegun (vols. L-ii. 1828-32). His translations of 

 Niebuhr's Lectures on the History of Rotne ( 1834 ; 

 2<I ed. 3 vols. 1849-50), Lectures on Ancient History 

 (3 vols. 1852), and Lectures on A m-i, nt Ethnography 

 and Geography (2 vols. 1853) followed ; and later, 

 from his own lien, excellent manuals of the History 

 of Greece, and of Rome, Ancient History, Anrinit 

 Geography, and Meilm r<tl History. He edited the 

 Classical Museum for some years, and was a large 

 contributor to the Penny Cyclojxfdia and Dr 

 W. Smith's Dictionaries of Greek and Ronuni 

 Antiquities, of Biography and Mythology, and of 

 Geography. He translated Zumpt's Latin (irammar, 

 and edited a popular series of Latin class-books 

 for W. & R. Chamliers. In 1846 he became Hector 

 of the Edinburgh High School, and in 1866 head of 

 the International College at Isleworth, which post 

 he resigned in 1874. He acted for some years OB 

 classical examiner to London University, was 

 injured by a street accident in 1889, but recovered, 

 only to be carried oil' by influenza, 28th May 1890. 



Sohncebenf, a mining-town of west Saxony, 

 20 miles SW. ofClicmnitz, producing silver (though 

 not in its former great abundance), cobalt, tin, and 

 iron. Dolls, lace, chemicals, Ac. are manufactured, 

 and embroidery is carried on. Pop. (IS'.XM sjl.'f. 



Sclmoekoi>|r. the highest point (5260 feet) 



of the Hiesengebirge (q.v.). 



Schnil/rr. EDUARD, better known as EMIX 

 PASHA, was born of Jewish parents at Neisse in 

 Silesia, on the 28th of March 1840, and was edu 

 rated at the Gymnasium of Neisse until 1858, when 

 he commenced the study of medicine at the univer- 

 sity of I'.reslau ; and he graduated at Berlin in 1864. 

 Soon after, be proceeded to Turkey with the view 

 of settling there in practice, and had till 1873 an 

 appointment at Scutari on the staff of Hakki 

 I'.i-lia. During this appointment Svhnit/er gained 

 an intimate acquaintance with Armenia, Syria, 

 and Arabia, and it was during this period of his life 

 that he adopted the name of Emin and the habits 

 and customs of the Turks. He took the name 

 the better to enable him to identify himself with 

 the people and to disarm their prejudices. After a 

 brief visit to Nissa. in 1875, where his studie:. in 

 natural history were continued, we find him in 

 1 876 entering the Egyptian medical service as Dr 

 Emin Eflcndi. He proceeded to Khartoum, was 

 sent by Ismail Pasha, the governor-general, to the 

 Equator, and appointed by Gordon Pasha chief 

 medical officer of the Equatorial Province. This 

 apjmintment he held until 1878, being employe d, 

 however, by Cordon Pasha, who greatly appreciated 

 his talents, in various diplomatic missions and tours 

 of inspection. In 1878 Cordon Pasha appointed 

 Emin Effendi governor of the Equatorial Province, 

 which position he held until the arrival of Mr 



