SCHNITZER 



SCHOLASTICISM 



215 



Stanley's expedition in 1889. In 1879 he was raised 

 to the rank of Bey, in 1887 to that of Pasha. 



An extraordinary linguist, Einin acquired, be- 

 sides French, English, Italian, Turkish, and 

 Arahic, a knowledge of several Slavonic lan- 

 guages, as well as many central African dia- 

 lects. He was known as a skilful medical man, 

 and his ability as a governor and an adminis- 

 trator is witnessed to by the fact that he for 

 years, cut off from all communication with the 

 outside world, single-handed maintained his posi- 

 tion at the farthest outpost of civilisation. It is 

 true that after the expedition sent to his relief 

 arrived his troops revolted ; but this is to be 

 explained by the fact that his ignorant men were 

 disappointed at the sorry spectacle which the 

 expedition presented after its heroic march to their 

 assistance. Eniin gained a wonderful insight into 

 the habits and cu-tom-* of the people amongst whom 

 he has lived, and probably no one has added more 

 to onr anthropological knowledge of central African 

 tribes than he. For over seven years he carried on 

 meteorological investigations with such success 

 that Lado has become the standard to which all 

 barometrical observations are referred in East 

 Equatorial Africa. With reference to his geo- 

 graphical work, his route surveys extend over more 

 than 4000 miles, and he made a triangulation -in 

 v-y of the country extending from the Victoria and 

 Albert Lakes in the south to Lado in the north, to 

 the river Djnr in the north-west, to Momhuttu and 

 the river Welle in the south-west. Between 1878 

 and 1883 eleven geographical papers of extreme 

 value were published by him in fetermann's Mif 

 theilungen. Emin's services to natural history 

 were exceptionally greut ; throughout the whole 

 of his residence in central Africa he showed him- 

 self an intelligent and painstaking collector. It 

 is ini|H)ssible to specify the number of examples 

 he sent to Europe, but one collection sent to the 

 British Museum in 1878 consisted of over 100 

 mammals, 350 birds belonging to 179 sitecies, many 

 reptiles, batrachians, 380 butterflies belonging to 

 356 species (15 of which were new to science), 

 besides many lieetles, scorpions, and a large num- 

 ber of land ami fresh-water shells. The results 

 <.f his labours in this direction have almost com- 

 pletely elucidated the distribution of the flora 

 and fauna of central Africa. Apart from this 

 work, Emin made valuable Imtamcal collections ; 

 and his cultivation experiments, carried on for 

 many years, will prove of service in the agri- 

 cultural development of central Africa. Steadily 

 working at the central African languages, he col- 

 lected numerous and valuable vocabularies, the 

 most important being of the Waganda, Wanyoro, 

 Wahnma, Madi, Ban, and Momhuttu dialects. 



When it is considered that all the work here in- 

 dicated was performed by a man weighted with the 

 government of a large uncivilised province, and 

 who was for years cut off from all communication 

 with Europe, it will be seen what force of character 

 and energy he pososscd. Emin Pasha was no mili- 

 tary genius, but he proved himself to l>e an en- 

 lightened ruler and a bitter foe to the slave-dealers, 

 managing to abolish slave-dealing throughout his 

 province. He constantly endeavoured to civilise 

 the people committed to his charge, and in this 

 he succeeded to a very large extent. In Dcci'in- 

 l-r 1889 Emin Pasha arrived at Zan/.ibar with 

 Mr Stanley. He met with an accident there 

 frtirn which he nearly lost his life, and from 

 whose effects he suffered for three months. Not- 

 withstanding this, and the urgent desire of his 

 friends in Europe for his return home, such was 

 his energy and his love for the country which he 

 had left that he entered the service of the German 

 government, and returned at the head of a large 



expedition to central Africa. He was energetic in 

 extending the German sphere of influence, made 

 favourable treaties with native chiefs, and founded 

 German stations on the Victoria Lake ; besides 

 sending large zoological and ethnographical collec- 

 tions to the museum in Berlin. But he never re- 

 gained his old influence, and seems, defeated in his 

 hopes, to have been marching for the west coast 

 when, about the 22d October 1892, he was slain 

 by the Arabs in the Manyema country. 



See Stuhlmann, Mil Emin Pascha int Berz von Afrika 

 ( 1,H!M ) ; Vita Hassan. Die Wahrheit iiber Emin Pascha 

 ( 1893 ) ; Ui/aiuia ana the Egyptian Soudan, by the present 

 writer and the Rev. C. T. Wilson (2 vols. 1882); Emin 

 Patlia in Central Africa : hit Letters and Journals ( trans, 

 by Mrs Felkin, 1888 | ; Petermann's MMheilungtn (1878- 

 83 ) ; Scottish Geographical Mniiozine ( 1886-89 ) ; Proceed- 

 ing of the Zoological Socittv (1888); Journal of the 

 Anthropological Institute (1888); Stanley, In Darkest 

 Africa (1890); and the standard Life by G. Schweitzer, 

 Emin Paiha hi* I.ifi and Work ( trans. 1898). 



Srlmorr von Carol.sfeld. BARON JULIUS, 

 painter, was born at Leipzig on 26th March 1794, 

 and was trained as a painter by hi.s father (likewise 

 an arti.it) and at the Vienna Academy. In Vienna 

 he became associated with the German school of 

 Cornelius, Overbeck, Schadow, and Veit, who 

 went back for their inspiration to the old masters 

 anterior to the days of Raphael, and in 1818 he 

 followed them to Koine. But though he agreed 

 with them in principle, he avoided their extremes, 

 and was the only one of them who remained a Pro- 

 testant. For the walls of the Villa Massimi at Rome 

 Ije executed, as his share of the work, nearly two 

 dozen frescoes from Ariosto's Orlando (1820-26). 

 The year after the completion of this labour he was 

 called by King Louis of Bavaria to fill the chair of 

 Historical Painting in the Academy of Munich, and 

 was besides commissioned to paint for the king's 

 new palace and other royal apartments a series of 

 frescoes illustrative of the Aibelimgenlied and of 

 the lives of Charlemagne, Frederick Barbarossa, 

 and Kudolph of Hapsburg. In 1846 lie accepted 

 the appointment of professor at the Fine Art 

 Academy in Dresden, coupled with the directorship 

 of the royal picture-gallery. Schnorr's designs for 

 180 pictures to illustrate the narratives of the Bible 

 ( Bible Pictures, Lond. 1860 ) are accounted by many 

 authorities the l>est things he did. The illustra- 

 tions for Cotta's great edition of the Nibelungen 

 Not were also designed by him ; and his skill as a 

 draughtsman and designer are further exhibited 

 in stained-glass windows in St Paul's Cathedral, 

 London, and in Glasgow Cathedral. Amongst his 

 representative easel-pictures may be quoted the 

 'Marriage at Cana,' 'Jacob and Rachel,' 'Three 

 Christian and Three Heathen Knights of Ariosto,' 

 'Ruth in Boaz's Wheat-field,' 'Christ Bearing the 

 Cross," 'Siegfried and Kriemhild,' and 'Luther at 

 Worms.' Hi* best qualities are balance of arrange- 

 ment, freedom of design, and vivacity, together 

 with many happy inspirations ; in fact, he had too 

 many ideas, and did not j*ive himself time to 

 mature them properly. Besides, his work is fre- 

 quently too decorative in effect, and the figures 

 lack individuality and dignity. Sclmorr died in 

 Dresden, 24th May 1872. See Art Journal ( 1865 ). 



Sell oil Vr. See GUTENBERG. 



Scholarship, a benefaction, generally the 

 annual proceeds of a l>equest permanently invested, 

 paid for the maintenance of a student at a univer- 

 sity or at a school. See UNIVERSITIES, CAM- 

 iK, OXFORD, ETON, HARROW, &c. 



Nrlioliistirisin. The term scholasticism 

 specially designates the aims, methods, and pro- 

 ducts of thought which constitute the main 

 endeavour of the intellectual life of the middle 



