Ill 



.-< IIOLIAST8 



SCIIOMIKIN 



at the theory of Nominalism - h.'h-ticism ceaced 

 to hare a reason for its existence, ami tlu> founda- 

 lion waa laid for that method of e*|>erinient and 

 indurtiim which wan the outcome of the long 

 travail of tlir schools of the middle ages. With 

 Ockhani clone* tin- line of the great schoolmen ; 

 and of the thinkers who followi-d him Jean 

 Genoa (1363-1429) alone deserve*) to be men- 

 tioneil an one of the representative figures of the 

 later scholasticism. In certain of the great univer- 

 citien, indeed, the scholastic methods continued to 

 prevail long aft.-i a U'ttcr wav hail Ix-en opened lip 

 lor the freer development oi the human spirit. In 

 the university of Paris scholasticism held its place 

 into the 17th ecu HIM : ami in Spain, till compara 

 lively n-ceiit yean*, it was still the only philosophy 

 that could lie learned hy her students. l!\ the 

 close of tin- Kith century, however, scholasticism 

 was dead an a vital phase of human thought. In 

 itself it wait an exhausted movement, and the 

 revival of antiquity and the religious reformation 

 of the 16th century supplied a fresli stream of ideas, 

 which opened up a larger scope of the possible 

 developiiifiit of humanity. 



It was natural that the humanists and the 

 reformer* should ilo their utmost to discredit the 

 system from which they were seeking to emanci 

 pate their eaatwnpomiM ; and so effectually did 

 they ilo their work that not till within recent years 

 has scholasticism l>een thought worthy of a serious 

 attempt to understand it. At present the tendency 

 U to roeogni-e in it for it.- own time and place 

 perfectly rational system, viclding healthy exer- 

 to the U-st minds of the middle ages. The 

 ridicule of the humanists is seen to be true only of 

 its later phases. While, therefore, from the very 

 conditions of its origin and growth, scholasticism 

 was debarred from that free, and direct questioning 

 of thin^ which is the distinctive characteristic of 

 ancient and modern times, it nevertheless, as in 

 Dante ami Thomas Aquinas, produced certain 

 types of thought and feeling which could have 



rng from no other system, ami for the absence 

 liii-li the world would have been emphatically 

 the poorer. 



8e Haareao. Hutoire de la I'kiltuopkie ScoUutiqur ; 

 Milnun, Hittnrii of Latin Christianity ; Hampden, 

 adulattie Pkitotopky ( Hampton Lecture, 1848) ; Cousin, 

 Omrai/rt infdilt d'AMlard; Prmntl, Ornrhirhlr der 

 Lopil im A>Hnillnmlr : Jourdain, Reekercha Critiquci 

 atr TAijt rt FOrvjinr ,!* Trailnctumt Latine* d"Arittote 

 (1843); Kenan, Arerroft et I'Avrrroltmt ; nine, the 

 various histories of philosophy by Lewes, ^chwegler, 

 Debenreg, and other*. 



Hrholla.st.H. ancient grammarians, for the most 

 pfcrt anonymous and known only hy their short 

 annotations written on the margin's of the Mss. of 

 the ancient classics, Greek and Roman. These 

 remark* concern the language more frequently 



than i In- nl.-taT , and are sometimes feehle and 



ni if. Km often tend to elucidate the text or even 

 critically amend it. The earliest scholiasts were 

 thuw of the Alexandrian School (i|.v.) : many are 

 as lat as the By/aiitinc |-riod. A Gloss (q.v.) 

 was one of the merely verbal scholia. 



KrhoHcn. JAN MKMIIIIK. the chief of the 

 modern <-|IIK.I of Idilch critical theologians, was 

 bpn at Vlent.. r near I'treeht, Aii^n-t 17, |n. 

 II -tit<lie<l at I'lrecht, ami became in 1840 pro- 

 fewior of Theology at Franeker. in 1843 extra- 

 onlinaiy. and in IHI.1 or.linary profeHMir at I/evden, 

 where he die.1 loth April ISHT,, four years after his 

 retirement. Hi- writing we M . cither in Dutch or 

 l^tin, l>ut French nml (Jertnan translations carried 

 them fur In-Miml their countn'. The chief were 

 I of the Refi,rinr,l Church 

 rttal and Critical Introduc- 

 tion to U>t New Tutammt ( 1853), A Critical Study 



of the Gotpel of John ( 1864), The Oldest Witnettet 

 f,, the Writing* of the Kew Testament (1866), The 

 OUett Gomel (1868), and The Pauline Gotpel 

 ( 1870). The school of which he was the most 

 conspicuous leader eliminates the supfinatmal 

 element from Christiiinity, evolving the religion 

 from the religious consciousness of Jesus. 



Scholten gave an interesting sketch of his own religious 

 development in his Affcheiiitrtdt bii htt ffeerltgyrn ran 

 het Hooyleerartambt ( 1881 ). See also Knenen's Lertni- 

 bcricht, with a complete list of his writings ( 1885 ). 



srlmiiilH-ru. FRKDERICK HERMANN, DUKE 



OF, was IHIIII in Mils of an ancient house taking its 

 name from ils ca.-tle of Sclio'nbiirg on the Khine, 

 and fought against the Imjierialisto in theThiilx 

 ^'eals' \Var. Kntering the French si-nice in 1650, 

 he conducted a successful campaign in Spain, was 

 naturalised in France, and, though a Protestant, 

 obtained a marshal's baton in 167."). On the 

 revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, after 

 some unimportant work done for the House of 

 Brandenburg and the Elector Palatine, he 

 accepted the post of second in command under the 

 Prince of Orange in the English expedition. The 

 new kinj,' nmde him K.(!., duke, ana master of the 

 ordnance, and gave bin, command of the army 

 in Ireland in 1689. Wintering in Ulster, he 

 joined William III. in 1690, and fought and fell 

 in the battle of the Boyne (1st July). His son 

 -Mcinhart commanded the right wing, and was 

 made Duke of Leinster. But in the war of the 

 Spanish succession lie was recalled as incllicicnt 

 for his command, and died childless in 17(19, the 

 title dying with him. The fourth Marquis of 

 Lot hian married a granddaughter of the first Duke 

 of Schoniberg. 



Srhoiiihiirek. SIR ROBERT HERMANN, a 

 traveller, was Imrn at Freiburg in 1'inssian Saxon\ , 

 June 5, 1804. He was trained for the mercantile 

 profession, and went out to the United States in 

 1829, but in the following year he removed to 

 Anegada, one of the Virgin Isles. Having sur- 

 veyed the island and laid a report In-fore the 

 Royal (ieographieal Society, he was charged by 

 that body to lead an exploring expedition to 

 British (iuiana in 1835. This enterprise, which 

 was surrounded with formidable difficulties, |,e 

 satisfactorily achieved, and from time to time laid 

 the results of his investigations before the society, 

 in whose Journal they were regularly published. 

 It was during this exploration, and while he was 

 ascending the Berbice Kiver, that he discovered, 

 January 1, 1837, the magnificent aquatic plant, the 

 I'li-turia rtgia (q.v.), described in his Description of 

 JiritM Guiana (Lond. 1840), and his magnificent 

 Views in !!> lalirinr nf i.'imiiin i folio, 1841). In 

 1840 he returned to (iiiiana to survey the colony 

 for government, and to draw the long GOatTOVWteO 

 ' Schomhurgk-line' as a provisional lioundnry with 

 Venezuela (q.v.) and Braxil, ami wan knighted. 

 He was accompanied by his brother liichanl, 

 whose Keisen in liritisch'-Guiana, 1840-44 (I.eip. 

 1847-48) embody the results of this expedition. 

 In 1847 the former published an excellent and 

 elaborate History of Barlmdoes, ami in the follow 

 ing year departed for San Domingo, whither he 

 had lieen accredited as British consul and repre- 

 sentative. In this new sphere lie continued to 

 pursue his geographical and scientific researches, 

 the result* of which be communicated to the Geo- 

 graphical Society till ISii3. In 1857 he was 

 appoint*)] British representative to the Siamese 

 court, but returned to Europe ill in 1864, and died 

 llth March 1H65 at Schiineberg near Berlin. 



SflionlM-in. CHRISTIAN Kinmnirn, chemist, 

 was born at Metzingen in Wnrtembog, 1Mb 

 October 1799, studied natural science at Tubingen 



