SCHONBRUNN 



SCHOOL INSPECTORS 



219 



and Erlangen, and visited England in 1826, and 

 after that Paris. In 1828 he was called to a chair 

 in the university of Basel. In 1839 he discovered 

 Ozone (q.v.), and invented Gun-cotton (q.v.) in 

 1845, obtaining from it by dissolution in ether the 

 material called Collodion (q.v.). In his later 

 years he confined himself chiefly to experiments 

 with oxygen. Of his works the chief are Das 

 Verhaltendes Eisens zum Sauerstof (Basel, 1837), 

 Beitrage zur physikatischen Ciieaue (1844), Utber 

 die Erzeuguny des Ozons (1844), Ueberdie Verbren- 

 nung der Korper in atmospharischer Luft (1845). 

 He died at Baden-Baden, 29th August 1868. See 

 Life by Hagenhach (Basel, 1869). 



Sclionbrilllll. a royal palace in the outskirts 

 of Vienna, the summer residence of the imperial 

 family, was built by Maria Tlieresa in 1744, and 

 has attached to it a zoological and a botanical 

 garden. The treaty of Vienna was signed within 

 ite walls. 



SohOnebeck, a town of Prussia, 9 miles by 

 rail south of Magdeburg, on the left bank of the 

 Elbe. Here Rome 6.5,000 tons of salt are made 

 annually, and there are a variety of manufactures 

 machinery, chemicals, percussion caps, starch, 

 varnish, &c. Pop. 15,319. 



SrhonlHll. JoHANN LUKAS, professor of medi- 

 cine, was born at Bambergon 30th November 1793, 

 studied medicine at Landshut, Wiirzburg, Jena, 

 and Gottingen, and began to lecture at \V ur/hiire 

 in 1819. In the following year he was appointed 

 professor of Clinics and Therapeutics there ; in 

 1833 he removed to a similar chair at Zurich ; and 

 in 1839 he was called to Berlin to be professor of 

 Pathology and Therapeutics, and to preside over 

 the clinical instruction given in the Charite. 

 hospital. He retired in 1859, and died at Bamberg 

 on 23d January 1864. His principal merit is that 

 he introduced into Germany the exact methods of 

 study which were in vogue in England and France, 

 and thus founded what was called the Natural 

 History School of Wurzburg (see MEDICINE, Vol. 

 VII. p. 119). See Life by Rothlauf ( 1874). 



Schoodic Lakes (pron. SKOODIK), a gronpof 

 twelve lakes in the east of Maine, U.S., drained 

 by the Schoodic, or west branch of the St Croix. 



Srhoolcraft, HENRY ROWE, American eth- 

 nologist, was Ixirn in New York state, March 28, 

 1793, studied at Union College, and in 1817-18 

 visited the mining region west of the Mississippi, 

 afterwards publishing a Journal ( 1819 ; revised 

 1853). He also published a narrative of General 

 Cass's exploring expedition to Lake Superior and 

 the Upper Mississippi (1820), of whicli he was 

 geologist. In 1822 lie l>ecame Indian agent for 

 the tribes about the lakes, and in 1823 he married 

 the granddaughter of an Ojibway chief, who had 

 been educated in Europe. From 1828 to 1832 he 

 was an active meml>er of the legislature of Michigan 

 territory, and founded its Historical Society, and 

 the Algic Society of Detroit. In 1832 he com- 

 manded an expedition which discovered the sources 

 of the Mississippi (Narrative, 1834). While super- 

 intendent and disbursing agent for the Indians, 

 he negotiated treaties by which the government 

 acquired lands to the extent of 16,000,000 acres. 

 In 1845 he collected the statistics of the Six Nations 

 (Hotel on the Iroyuois, &c. 1848). In 1847 con- 

 gress authorised him to gather, collate, and edit 

 all accessible information relating to the Indians. 

 The result is to be found in his Historical and 

 Statistical Information respecting the History, Con- 

 dition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the 

 United States (5 vols. 1851-55, published by con- 

 grem at a cost of nearly $30,000 per vol., with over 

 300 illustrations ; a sixth was added by Schoolcraft 

 in 1857 ). His numerous other works include many 



poems, a Life of Cass, Algic Researches ( 1839), The 

 Red Mace of America ( 1847 ), Thirty Years with the 

 Indian Tribes ( 1851 ), The Indian in his Wigwam, 

 &c. He died 10th December 1864. 



School Inspectors. After annual govern- 

 ment grants for education were commenced in 1846 

 (see EDUCATION), H.M. Inspectors of schools were 

 appointed. Inspection was intended to be a means 

 of co-operation between the government and the 

 clergymen, local committees, and trustees of 

 schools, for the improvement and extension of 

 education ; it was not intended as a means of 

 exercising control, but of affording assistance ; not 

 for the restraint, but encouragement of local efforts. 

 The inspector was instructed to communicate with 

 those who had up to that time interested them- 

 selves in education with a view to such co-opera- 

 tion. He was also instructed to visit, when con- 

 veniently able to do so, any schools not aided by 

 public grants whose school committees or pro- 

 moters desired such visits. The general duties of 

 the inspector were gradually divided into three dis- 

 tinct heads : ( 1 ) Furnishing information to enable 

 the committee of Council to determine the pro- 

 priety of granting funds in aid of erecting new 

 schools. (2) Inspecting and reporting on the 

 method and matter of instruction in schools aided 

 by public grants. (3) Furnishing information when 

 required by the committee of Council respecting 

 the state of education in particular districts. These 

 instructions, with such additions as the fuller 

 development of the system required, continue to 

 describe generally the relation between the com- 

 mittee of Council, inspectors, 'school managers, and 

 teachers, with the single exception that, on the 

 passing of the Education Acts of England in 1870 

 and of Scotland in 1872, religious teaching was 

 removed from in suctorial supervision. As the 

 various religious bodies both in England and Scot- 

 land had hitherto taken by far the keenest interest 

 in education, before any inspector was appointed 

 his name was submitted for approval to the author- 

 ities of the church over whose schools he was to 

 have supervision. Up to the passing of the Acts 

 of 1870 and 1872 there were five classes of inspectors 

 for the schools respectively of the Church of Eng- 

 land, of bodies not connected with that church, of 

 the Church of Scotland, of the Free Church, and 

 of the Roman Catholic Church. Now every in- 

 spector visits every aided school in his district 

 irrespective of denomination ; and since the passing 

 of these acts the churches are not consulted about 

 the appointments. 



As grants were steadily increasing, and there was 

 considerable doubt as to the efficiency both of 

 instruction and inspection, Mr Lowe (Lord Sher- 

 hrooke) introduced in 1862 the Revised Code, the 

 leading feature of which was individual examina- 

 tion and payment bv results. The passing of the 

 English Education Act in 1870 and of the Scotch 

 Act in 1872, and the codes framed upon them, 

 introduced most important changes ; but the funda- 

 mental principle of payment by results, which had 

 been operative for about ten years in England, was 

 retained, and for the first time applied to Scotland. 

 In 1885 the administrative functions of the English 

 and Scotch departments were separated ; and the 

 latter has now a committee of Council and secretary 

 of ite own ; but the Lord President of the Council 

 is the head of both departments. Provision has 

 from time to time been made to prevent the examin- 

 ation becoming a mechanical recording of results, 

 and by the Codes of 1 890 ( England ) and 1 891 ( Scot- 

 land) a more elastic method of examination wa 

 applied both to higher and lower standards. The 

 English and Scotch Codes are on similar lines, and 

 differ only in unimportant details. The fixed gra 

 on average attendance was much enlarged, and the 



