Ml 



SCHOOLS 



SCHOONER 



variable grant depending on examination corre- 

 spondingly rrdurl. enough, however. lieing left 

 to differentiate fair, good. and excellent work. 

 Tlie basis of thU variable grant also u average 

 attendance. The minimum IIUIII|KT of attend- 

 ance* hitherto qualifying for examination won re- 

 moved, anil tlm- the" temptation to neglect those 

 wboM attendance Ml Mow thai minimum. 



There are four daman of officer* rnpigt-d in in- 

 spection chief inspectors, district insiK-ctors, sub- 

 in|>ector, and amUtanU. In England tliere are 

 twelve chief inspector*, two being almost wholly 

 occupied with the training collegia*. In Scotland 

 there are three, one of whom combines ordinary 

 inlftion with supervision of the training colleges. 

 The chief inspector, besides having a district of 

 his own, lia-s a general supervision over the other 

 districts in his division. and is appealed to in canes 

 of ditliculty. Kai-h chief lias an annual divisional 

 conference with hU colleagues, the object of whirh 

 is to compare experiences and, as far as possible, 

 secure uniformity of test and standard. Assistants 

 are chosen by the department from the ranks of 

 eminent elementary teachers, and from tin-in sub- 

 inspectore are appointed. The English stall' con- 

 sist* of 107 inspectors, -!."> sub insjiectors, and 152 

 assistants; the Scotch stafT, of 25 inspectors, 4 

 sub-inopectorN, and 21 assistant*. Of the 25 school 

 inspectors, 5 are Oxford, 4 Cambridge graduates ; 

 almost the whole of the others and a number of 

 the sub-inspectors and assistants are graduates 

 of Scotch universities Inspectors are appointed 

 by a minute of tin- rminitte of Council, and 

 must he not more than thirty-live years of age. 

 Applications with testimonials are made to the 

 Might Honourable the Lords of the Committee 

 of Council on Education. Those appointed are 

 at first placed alongside of a chief ins|>ctor, with 

 tin- result that they obtain considerable <-x|>erience 

 of the work before Ix-in^; placed in independent 

 charge of a district They are, as a rule, selected 

 on the ground of academical distinction, mid all 

 hot very few have had considerable c\|>erience as 

 teachers. In Ireland only, candidates for the in- 

 spectorship have to pass an examination in the 

 theory and practice of education, and of school 

 management, besides spending a period of probation 

 under a chief inspector. 



In the United States inspectors are known as 

 superintendent,* of schools, whose duty includes 

 Inith inspection (in regard to the discipline and 

 method* of the school ) and examination (of the 

 pupils, to ascertain the amount and kind of pro- 

 gress made). On the continent of Europe generally 

 inspectors are drawn from the ranks of elementary 

 teachers, and have less to do with examination of 

 the pupils' attainments than with seeing that the 

 law is obeyed, the school programme carried out, 

 and the teachers perform their work properly. 



See EDUCATION, ARMY (Vol. I. p. 

 4), MILITARY S 1 -ii..or>. ART (Vol. I. p. 456); 

 the article., on the nine great English public 

 school j and for the Schoolmen, SCHOLASTICISM. 



BefcMls. BROTHKK.S or CHRISTIAN, a religious 



congregation in the Roman Catholic Church, < 

 lished lor the religious and secular education of the 

 poor. It originated in France in the end of the 

 17th century, and was organised by a charitable 

 ecclesiastic, the Abbe de la Salic, canon of the 

 church of Kheimx ( 1651-1719), whom 1684 resigned 

 his canon ry, sold his possesMions for the |>oor, and 

 drew up rules for his brotherhood of teachers all 

 lay brothers and subject to one general head. 

 Teaching was made gratuitous for day-scholars, 

 bat boarder* and day-boarder* paid fees. ' Learning 

 Latin was not obligatory on the poor ; after the 

 catechism the basU of the teaching was reading 



and writing the mother-tongue. On this ground 

 it has been claimed for the canon of Rheims that 

 he was really the founder of organised primary 

 schools and ' primary education. The brothers 

 devote themselves by a vow to the profession of 

 teaching for life, and are trained in normal schools 

 of their own. They wear a special ecclesiastical 



costume, and work always in pairs, and, though 

 laymen, are bound by the usual vows of poverty, 

 chastity, and obedience. In 1725 Benedict Mil. 



issued a bull recognising them as a religions con- 

 gregation. It still continues to flourish in France 

 [he of the secularisation of public schools), 

 as also in Belgium, Italy, southern Germany, Great 

 Britain, North America, and Africa. Their system 

 of education has received the highest testimonies, 

 and they still form one of the most nourishing of 

 all the lay orders in the Catholic Church. The 

 brothers have over 2000 schools, with some 325,000 

 scholars more than two-thirds of them in France 

 and her colonies, and the most part receiving 

 gratuitous education. 



The Institute of Irish Christian Brothers was 

 founded at \\aterford in 1802 by Ed. Ignatius Rice, 

 merchant. Branches of the order were soon estab- 

 lished in Dublin, Cork, and other towns, especially 

 in the south of Ireland. The institute was formally 

 approved as a congregation by Pins VII. in 1820, and 

 since then has received many favours from succeed- 

 ing pontiffs. It is governed by a superior-general, 

 who resides at the head house in Marino. Dnbhn. 

 For a time the Brothers accepted a government 

 grant under the National Board of Education, 

 established in 1832, but soon withdrew from this 

 connection on account of the separation of religions 

 and secular teaching insisted on by the National 

 Board as a fundamental condition of receiving any 

 share of the grant at it- disposal ; and since then 

 the Brothers' primary schools have lieen supported 

 by the voluntary contributions of the people. Their 

 system of teaching has met with the warm approval 

 of successive royal commissions appointed to in- 

 quire into the state of primary education in Ireland. 

 There ore some 700 Brothers, with 40,000 pupils. 

 Besides primary schools, the Brothers conduct insti- 

 tutions for the deaf and dumb, industrial schools, 

 orphanages, high schools, and colleges; they have 

 also extensive establishments in India, Australia, 

 New Zealand, Gibraltar, and Newfoundland. 



Schooner is a swift, sharply-built vessel, 

 carrying usually two masts, though occasionally a 

 greater number, and commonly is of small sue. 



Topsail Schooner. 



There are two classes of schooners the ' fore-and 

 aft schooner, 'or schooner proper, and the 'topsaL 



