st IX.IM:MI \i KI: 



SCHKEVELIUS 



UM Will in Schopenhauer ) to include all processes! 

 from nt tract ion anil gravitation to motivation, \\liirli 

 last in simply 'causality seen from within.' He 

 collected in the Will in Xaturt what he deemed 

 the scientific continuations of his doctrine. The 

 first meed of praise which fell to him wan the 

 crowning by the Norwegian Academy in 1839 of 

 hi* prim corny 011 the /-'irrtlum of the Will, in 

 which he defends the phenomenal uece*sit\ or 

 detcrininism uf tin- Will and its supra-sensible free- 

 dom. Hi- >'ilii.-.il theuiy reste on sympathy, the 

 treatment of self and others an not twn or many 

 but as one ami the name, an both the manifestation 

 of the All-Will which rises to a feeling of hunger 

 in the stomach. gnawing in the teeth, thinking in 

 the brain, A. S\ mpathy, however, is only a 'civic 

 virtue;' the highest virtue is asceticism, the denial 

 of the Will to live, in which the Intellect through 

 contemplation of the idea of Art frees itself from 

 desire and willing and pierces the 'Veil of Mftyft' 

 ( Illusion ) which hides from us the supra-sensible, 

 and the Will is reduced to it- original state of 

 quiescence or potency. Remove the Will from 

 life and there is no more : ' before us there 18 

 certainly Nothing;.' Schoiienhaiier preferred l!ud- 

 dhi-iu ami Mysticism ami Anchoretic < 'hristi:inity 

 to the reigning foims of religion and to Rati.mai- 

 istic Theism. He gave out his occasional papers 

 in the Parerga and Paralipamena (1851), which 

 more than the other works express the man him- 

 self. illustrate the eloquence of his pen, and )>erha]>s 

 have led people to his shrine who know next to 

 nothing of his stiict theory. In an appendix to 

 The World at Will ami Idea he criticises the 

 Kantian theory of knowledge ax laying too much 



on the Reflective or Indirect Method as 

 to the Intuitive or Direct. His essay on 



and Colour* (1816) contains practically 

 e'l theory of colours; Goethe had been pleased 

 to get Schopenhauer's help in his optical ; 

 and had predicted for Schopenhauer a hearing in 

 the world. From Weimar ami university circles 

 Schopenhauer had gone to Dresden (1814-18) for 

 the writing of The World at Will and Idea ; 

 thence he hail gone to Italy ; his unsuccessful 

 attempt as lecturer in Berlin t'nivcrsiiy was made. 

 in 1820. Of two lawsuits one concerning money 

 matters was settled in his favour through his own 

 legal acumen ; the other ended in his having to 

 pay 9 a year to a seamstress as MmpMHlfal for 

 injuries received by her when the irate philosopher 

 ejected her with violence from lii- rooms ax an 

 intruder. After renewed travel and residence in 

 the south he finally in 1831 left Berlin for Frankfort- 

 mi the Main, where he chose to live as an i-olated 

 thinker until his death there, 21st September I860. 

 Frauenfttadt, his literary executor, was the chief of 

 his ' evangelists ' and ' apostles ' aa he called the 

 most enthusiastic of his admirers. 



The complete work, edited by Kraueiistadt, appeared 

 ia 6 roUu in IHTO There in an English translation of 

 Ttu WorU at Will and Iitrn, by Haldane and Kemp 

 (188S 6), and of the /'m/rMrf Root and Will in lf,it,.r, 

 (1888) i and a relume of Mrrlrd Kuayt, by E. R. Itax, 

 appeared in 1891. Ur Saiimlrn in his Rch.ipcnhaucr 

 cries hat translated xnnewhat from the I'arrrtin, kc. 

 The Bmt m*i;uine artiele on Schnpenhsncr which drew 

 attention to linn abroad was in the Writmi,, , 



(rol. ill new series, 1858, pp. :H 4<r7). The belt Life 

 is by Owinner ( Leip. 1862 : new 1. 1*7N I. Knnieimtii.lt 

 a Hobopenhmo.r's life and phil..<.|.hy in an n,t i ,,- 

 ta L L of the Worls*. Bee also hi, LeUrrton the 



< of AfcMtiiAasur (Lcip. ISM). *c. Miss 

 i'i I..I. (UHJ and that of ProfeMor Wallace 

 (1890, with bibliography) are both renr good. See aUo 

 UM larcer histories of philosophr ; Ccnnan works by 

 Barn (18MK ftuch (1K7H). an.l Koeber (188H); the 

 bibliofrapUM by Uban ( 18MO ) and HerUlet ( 1898 ) ; the 

 Hhaw LsctorM oo Behopeahauer by the present writer 

 (1HW) ; and works cited at the article PESSIMISM. 



Krhorl-rock, a compound of <|iiart/ and schorl 

 liick Tourmaline (q. v. ). It may be fine or 

 coarse groined. Sometimes it consists principally 

 "i 'inait/ with pi isms of schorl scattered irregularly 

 thiongh it ; at other times it may lie so fine grained 

 as to form a bhiekish gray masfi in which the naked 

 eye cannot distinguish the separate ingredient*. 

 The ro<-k occurs a.s.-.H-i.itcd with granite and the 

 crystalline schists. 



SrhottlM'he (a Frenchified form of the German 

 word for Scottish ), a somewhat fanciful name given 

 to a slow modern dance in ; time. 



SchoiivalofT. ('or NT PETER ANDREIEVITCH, 

 Russian ambassador, was lioni at St Petersburg on 

 15th .Inly IIS'27, became head of a department in 

 the ministry of the Interior in 1862, and in 1866 

 head of the secret police ; in 1873 he was sent on a 

 secret mission to London, when he arranged the 

 marriage between the Duke of Edinburgh and the 

 only daughter of the Emperor Alexander II. In 

 1878 he was one of the representatives of Russia at 

 the Congress of Berlin. He died 22d March 1889. 

 His brother, COUNT PAUL, lirn in 183<), entered 

 the army and took part in the defence of Selmstopol 

 and in the battle of Inkcrmann. As head ot a 

 department in the ministry of the Interior he 

 helped to organise the Migration of the Russian 

 serts (1861). In the war of 1H78 he held a com- 

 mand at I'liili|i|K)|Hilis. In 1885 he was appointed 

 ambassador to Germany, and in 1893 governor of 

 Warsaw ; and in 1897 he retired. 



Srlionwen, an island of Holland, in the pro- 

 vince of Zealand, with an area of 62 gq. m. and a 

 pop. of 24,000, who grow madder, refine salt, and 

 salt fish. Chief town, Zierikzee. 



Srliradrr. EBERHARD, a learned Assyriologist, 

 was born at Brunswick, January 5, 1836, studied 

 at Gottingen, where his bent to oriental studies 

 was confirmed by Ewald, and became ordinary 

 professor of Theology at Zurich in 1863, Giessen in 

 1870, and Jena in 1873. In 1875 he obeyed a call 

 from Berlin to the chair of Oriental Languages, 

 it h a seat in the Academy of Sciences. 



His earliest books were devoted to Old Testament 

 criticism Studitn tur Kritik vnd Krklarumi der 

 biUitchtn UryttchiehU (1863), and a fresh edition the 

 eighth of Do Wette'n Kiiilritumj ( 1809). Turning next 

 to Aisyriology, he quickly placed himself at the head 

 of German scholars by an unrivalled combination of wide 

 erudition and critical sagacity. His books are Die 

 Auvruck-Babylonitchen gnlintchrifttn (1872); Die 

 KrilinMhriften wild dot AUe Tatament (1872; 2d ed. 

 1883 ; Eng. trans. 2 vols. 1885-86) ; Die HUUnfahrt der 

 7<r(18?4): feilintchriften und (jttckichtiforiKHuny 

 (1878), in which he combats in masterly fashion the 

 attack of the historian Gutschmid on the method and 

 result of work in the cuneiform inscriptions ; and Zur 

 Frage naeh dem Unpruaa der Babylmi. Kultur (1884). 

 There is a translation by Mr F. B. Jevons of his important 

 Prthittoric Antiquiliet of the Aryan PeopUt (1890). 



Schrelner, OLIVE, a gifted South African 

 authoress, daughter of a Lutheran clergyman at 

 Capetown, who startled the conventional English 

 woild of letters in 1883 by ' The Story of an African 

 Farm: a Novel. Ity lt:i]|ih Iron.' The simple yet 

 forcible style of its pictures of rough life on a Boer 

 farm, and of the spiritual problem! that rend an 

 i ni| Hiring soil I. the penetrating pathos, and the feel- 

 ing nl intense IMM -im.iln \ underlying the book 

 arrested even (In- readers of the circulating library. 

 lii-i-niiu (1890), a group of spiritual allegories, was 

 followed by Drrnm Lifr nnrt Heal Life (1893) 

 and 'r,-iit,f,, , /'!', II, ill:. I ,,f Mcuh<maia*d( IH97). 

 Married in 1894 to Mr Cronwright, Mrs Schreiner- 

 Cronwright actively opposed the general policy of 

 Mr CecilRhodes. 



Srlirrvclilis <'<>itXKi,lus, born at Haarlem in 

 1615, !>, -am.: in 1642 rector of the university of 



