SCHULTZ 



SCHUMANN 



225 



custom, however, was to write steadily for a long 

 time every morning ; and he would sometimes 

 compose six or seven songs in his best manner in 

 less than us many hours. But the lyrical spirit 

 was by no means confined to his songs ; it found 

 its way into his instrumental works, which reveal 

 a wonderful prodigality of ideas, although com- 

 paratively little learning is displayed in turning 

 them to account. In his orchestral writings 

 Schubert is celebrated for extraordinary delicacy 

 in his method of instrumentation, especially in his 

 treatment of the wood-wind ; and this is the more 

 remarkable from the fact of his never having heard 

 the effect of his very tinest passages for some of 

 his noblest pieces were not performed until long 

 after his death. He rarely altered anything he 

 had written, and could never understand the im- 

 mense pains taken by Beethoven in perfecting his 

 scores. Schubert wrote as one impelled by im- 

 perious necessity to relieve hU mind of ideas, 

 whicli in his case were sometimes forgotten as 

 soon as they were committed to paper a fact 

 which will be the more readily appreciated when 

 it is remembered that, although his years were 

 fewer than those of any other master of the first 

 rank, he composed more than 500 songs, ten 

 symphonies (including two left unfinished), six 

 masses, a host of sonatas and other works for the 

 pianoforte, a number of string quartette (those in 

 A minor and D minor being especially fine), as 

 well aa several operas, cantatas, and overtures. 

 Schubert's personal character was extremely modest 

 and retiring ; hence perhaps, to some extent, his 

 failure to obtain any permanent appointment by 

 which he might have been delivered from that 

 sadly precarious mode of existence which doubtless 

 hastened his end. His sweetness and amiability of 

 disposition endeared him to every one, while he 

 was generous to a fault. The insignificance of his 

 appearance gave no token of the genius it con- 

 cealed ; his friend Lachner describes him aa ' look- 

 ing like a cabman.' 



Fur an exhaustive account of Schubert's life, together 

 with a complete list of his works, see the article by Sir 

 George Grove in his Dictionary of Mutic. There are 

 Lires by Kreisale von Hellborn (1866) and Reisunann 

 (1873) ; see also the Beitrage by Max Kriedlander (1883). 



Srlllllt/.. Hi I:M \\v theologian, born at Liichow 

 in Hanover, December 30, 1836, studied at Gottingen 

 and Erlangen, and became professor at Basel in 

 1864, at Strasburg in 1872, Heidelberg in 1874, 

 and Gottingen in 1876. There also he became 

 university preacher and consistorial councillor. 



His writings include Die Vorauttrteunf/en der Chriit- 

 lichen Lehre von der fTmterblichteit (1861); Alt- 

 tettnmenttiche Tntologie ( 1869 ; 4th ed. 1889 ; Eng. trana. 

 1892), a work masterly in its religion* insight ; Die Lehre 

 von der OoUhtU Chruti (1881), in which he applies 

 Kitschl'* methixl to the central question of Christianity, 

 the Divinity being apprehended neither from the meta- 

 physical nor eschatological point of view, but a* the ex- 

 prmnon of the experience of the Christian community, a 

 human personal lite having become the expression of an 

 eternal divine life through a moral rather than a natural 

 miracle; a volume of sermons (188:2); Lehre rom Hciliffen 

 Mifndmal (1886); and Orundriu d. pratt. Theo/oyie 

 Grundriud. Evangel. Doymattlc ( 1890 ). 



S4*hul7.e-I>elUzsch, HERMANN, founder of 

 the people's banks of Germany, was born on 29th 

 August 1808, at Delitzsch, a small town of Prussian 

 Saxony. He was educated to follow the law, at 

 Leipzig and at Halle, and entered the public ser- 

 vice of Prussia ; but in 1841 he settled down in his 

 native town as patrimonial judge (a kind of estate 

 manager discharging also judicial and administra- 

 tive functions), and thenceforward devoted his life 

 to the better economic education of the small 

 farmers and operatives amongst whom he lived. 

 When the National Assembly was called together 

 431 



in Berlin in 1848 Schulze-Delitzsch, who repre- 

 sented his native town, was chosen chairman of a 

 commission to inquire into the distress prevailing 

 amongst the labouring and artisan classes ; and 

 two years later, for protesting that it was unjust 

 to tax the people when their representatives were 

 not allowed to deliberate together, lie was tried on 

 a charge of treason, but was acquitted. On his 

 return to Delitzsch he started the first people's 

 bank. In these institutions the subscribers, all 

 contributors of small sums, received credit and 

 dividends in proportion of their savings ; the joint 

 credit of the association was used for borrowing 

 money ; and the banks were managed by a board 

 of the subscribers. By 1859 there were already 

 more than two hundred of these banks in the 

 central districts of Germany ; and in that same 

 year, at a congress which met at Halle, these were 

 united under one organisation, with Schulze- 

 Delitzsch as manager. The system was intro- 

 duced with great success into Austria, Italy, 

 Belgium, and Russia ; and when its deviser and 

 founder died, on 29th April 1883, at Potsdam, 

 there were in Germany alone 3500 branches, 

 having twelve million members, with a share 

 capital of 10,000,000 and deposits to more 

 than twice that sum. In 1861 he again took his 

 seat in parliament, joining the Progressist party 

 and laliouring for constitutional reform. When 

 Lassalle began to agitate for state loans to pro- 

 ductive associations he found Schulze-Delitzsch, 

 a firm believer in self-help, writing and speaking 

 in opposition to him. ' He who preaches to the 

 people self-help, self-responsibility, self-reliance as 

 the condition of their economic independence and 

 political freedom must in the first place practise 

 these principles in his own life, 'such was the social 

 creed ne lived by. And when the members of his 

 party wished to make him a gift of 7000 in recog- 

 nition of his disinterested labours in behalf of social 

 reform, they could only prevail upon him to accept 

 1000 for himself ; the rest he set aside for the 

 payment of men who should promote the cause of 

 social reform. An account of his system of people's 

 bunks is contained in Vorschuss- und Kredit-rereine 

 al Volktbanken (5th ed. 1876); besides this he 

 wrote Die Enturickelung da Genossetuchaftswesen* 

 (1870) and other books on co-operation. See Life 

 by Bernstein (Berlin, 1879), and a paper by John 

 Rae in Good Words (1885). 



Hrllllllinilll. ROBERT, the great apostle of the 

 Romantic school in music, was born at Zwickau in 

 Saxony, 8th June 1810. His father was a man of a 

 distinctly artistic turn of mind, and until his death 

 in 1826 Robert had every encouragement to indulge 

 any taste he had for music. No very decided mani- 

 festation, however, was apparent until Schumann's 

 mother and guardian had to face a most unwel- 

 come desire on the part of the young man, who 

 should have been pursuing his law studies. His 

 mother was sorely troubled, and sought advice from 

 Frederick Wieck, the eminent pianoforte teacher. 

 His answer favoured Schumann s ardent ambition, 

 and at the age of twenty-one, after a desultory 

 course of law and philosophy, a good deal of observ- 

 ant travel in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, 

 and a thorough course of Jean Paul Richter, 

 Schumann liegan to qualify himself for his great 

 mission, and settled down in Leipzig as an ardent 

 student of music under Wieck. In his haste 

 to become perfect in his art he defeated his own 

 ends ; for, not content with arduous practising, 

 he had recourse to mechanical means for improving 

 the power of his hands one of them so violent 

 that he permanently disabled the third finger of 

 his right hand. He turned perforce to composi- 

 tion, and his misfortune has proved our gain. 

 In 1832 Clara Wieck, his teacher's daughter, wh 



