SCHttRER 



SCHWABZBURG 



227 



Sohilrer, EMIL, a learned biblical scholar, was 

 born at Augsburg, 2d May 1H44, studied at Er- 

 langen, Berlin, and Heidelberg, liecanie professor 

 of theology first at Leipzig, in 1878 at Giessen, 

 in 1890 at Kiel, and in 1895 at Gpttingen. He 

 edited the Theologiarhf Literal i/r-:i //</ from its 

 commencement in 1876 until his association with 

 Harnack in 1881. 



His books are Schleiermachtr't Relvjiotubegriff ( 1868) ; 

 De Contrmertiis paschalilius (1869); and the Lehrbueh 

 der Nrutnt. ZeUgttchichtt ( 1874), re-issned in its second 

 edition (2 vols. l886-7) under the title Getehiehte del 

 Jiiitaehen Vollcei. This splendid work has been trans- 

 lated into English (5 vols. 1886-90). 



i SHmr/. CARL, born near Cologne, 2d March 

 1829, entered Bonn University in 1846, joined 

 Kinkel (q.v.) in the revolutionary movement of 

 1848-49, and the next year returned from Switzer- 

 land and effected his master's escape. In 1852 he 

 parsed to the United States, where he speedily 

 'i imaged in politics, lectured, practised law, and as 

 major-general of volunteers took part in several 

 liattles during the civil war. Journalism next 

 engaged his attention till in 1869 he was elected 

 to the United States senate. In 1877 he was made 

 ^Secretary of the Interior, and from 1880 to 1884 

 he was again an editor. In 1 887 he published a Life 

 of Henry Clay, and a Life of Lincoln in 1892. 



Schnyler, PHILIP JOHN, a leader of the 

 American Revolution, was bom at Albany, 22d 

 November 1733, raised a company and fought at 

 Lake George in 1755, and rendered other services 

 daring the French and Indian War. He was a 

 member of the colonial assembly from 1768, and 

 was a delegate to the Continental congress of 1775, 

 which appointed him one of the first four major- 

 generals. Washington gave him the northern depart- 

 ment of New York, and he was preparing to invade 

 Canada when ill-health compelled him to hand the 

 command over to General Montgomery. He still 

 retained a general direction of affairs from Albany, 

 but jealousies and complaints, especially from 

 Gates, rendered his work both hard and disagree- 

 able, and in 1779, after a congressional committee 

 had acquitted him honourably of all charges, he 

 resigned. He would not again accept a command, 

 although he remained one of Washington's closest 

 friends and advisers. Besides acting as commis- 

 sioner for Indian affairs, and making treaties with 

 the Six Nations, he sat in congress from 1777 to 

 1781, and was a state senator for thirteen years 

 between 1780 and 1797, a United States senator 

 in 1789-91 and 1797-98, and surveyor general of 

 the state from 1782. With Hamilton (who mar- 

 ried a daughter) and John Jay he shared the leader- 

 ship of the Federal party in New York ; and he 

 aided in preparing the state's code of laws. He 

 died at Albany, isih November 1804. See the 

 Life by B. J. tossing (enlarged ed. 2 vols. 1872), 

 and G. W. Schuyler's Philip Schuyler and his 

 AW7y (2 vols. New York, 1888). 



>< iiiMlkill (prori. SkoolkM), a river of Penn- 

 Kxlvania, which rites in the coal region, near 

 Pottsville, and, (lowing 130 miles south-east, past 

 Reading and Norristown, empties into the river 

 Delaware at the southern limit of Philadelphia. 

 This city is built on both sides of the Schuylkill, 

 and draws its water-supply from it. Coal-barges 

 ascend the ri\er by dams and locks. 



SHiwsillisirli. or LANGENSCHWALBACH. a spa 

 of Germany, 8 miles W. by N. of Wiesbaden, has 

 eight springs impregnated with iron and carbonic 

 acid gas, the. water of which is efficacious in female 

 complaints, poor blood, and muscular weakness. 

 Pop. 2658, increased to abont 7000 in the season. 



Srhwann. THEODOR, natnralist and founder 

 f the cell-theory, was bom 7th December 1810, at 



Neuss in Rhenish Prussia, studied at Bonn, Wtirz- 

 burg and Berlin, and became assistant to Johannes 

 M tiller. In 1838 he became professor of Anatomy 

 at Louvain, in 1848 at Liege, where he also lectured 

 on physiology. He died at Cologne, 14th January 

 1882. He made many discoveries on the digestion, 

 muscular structure, contractility of the arteries, and 

 the nervous system ; but his chief contributions to 

 science, practically establishing the cell-theory, are 

 found in his classic Microscopic Investigations on 

 the Accordance in the Structure of Plants and 

 Animals (1839; Eng. trnns. 1847), the main ideas 

 of which are explained at CELL, Vol. III. p. 46. 



Srli w suit hsilrr. LUDWIG MICHAEL, a German 

 sculptor, was born on 26th August 1802, at Munich, 

 the descendant of an old family of Tyrolese sculp- 

 tors, and was trained in the Munich Academy of 

 Art and in his father's workshop. After a visit 

 to Rome he set up a studio at Munich, and, being 

 brought under the notice of King Louis, was charged 

 to execute for the Glyptothek several bas-reliefs 

 and figures. In 1832 he revisited Rome, for the 

 purpose of preparing models for the national 

 monument of Valhalla and the Pinakothek. On 

 his return to Munich (1834) he began his bas-reliefs 

 and scnlptures for the Konigsbau. In 1835 he was 

 appointed professor at the Munich Academy. The 

 number of his works is singularly great, while their 

 excellence (daces him in the first rank of German 

 sculptors. Yet, spite of his power of design, he is 

 somewhat conventional in his conception : and his 

 influence on art has not \teen all for good. The 

 multitude of his commissions is responsible for 

 a good deal of work being left to his assistants, 

 and for the lack of careful finish such work shows. 

 Among his remaining effort* may lie mentioned 

 two groii]>s for the gable ends of the Valhalla, 

 the colossal statue of Bavaria, 60 feet high, that 

 stands in front of the Temple of Fame, statues 

 of Goethe, Jean Paul Richter, and Mozart, of 

 Venus, Diana, Apollo, Bacchus, &c., and many 

 others, both groups and single figures. He died 

 on 28th November 1848, leaving his models to the 

 nation. See A rt Journal (1880). 



Schwarz, BERTHOLD. See GUNPOWDER, Vol. 

 V. p. 470. 



Schwarz, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, a German 

 missionary in India, was born at Sonnenburg, in 

 Brandenburg, 8th October 1726. He studied at 

 Halle, and, having resolved to become a missionary, 

 obtained ordination at Copenhagen, with the view 

 of joining the Danish mission at Tranquebar, 

 where he arrived in 1750. His career is a lx>antiful 

 example of what may be accomplished when piety, 

 integrity, good sense, and a charity that knows 

 how to prevent the virtue of zeal from lapsing into 

 fanaticism are united harmoniously in a man. 

 After labouring sixteen years at Tranquebar he 

 went to Trichinopoly, where he founded a church 

 and school, and also acted as chaplain to the 

 garrison. In 1769 he gained the friendship of the 

 Rajah of Tanjore, and removed to his capital in 

 1778; there he died on 13th February 1798. He 

 was highly successful in making converts to 

 Christianity, and gained the esteem and confi- 

 dence of the native rulers, including Hyder AH, 

 of Mysore, who, when he was arranging terms of 

 peace with the Madras government, demanded that 

 Schwarz should act as their agent 'him, and no 

 other one,' said the sultan, 'will I receive and 

 trust.' The Rajah of Tanjore, l>efore he died, 

 appointed Schwarz tutor and guardian of his young 

 son, who turned out one of the most accomplished 

 sovereigns of India. See the Life of Schwarz by 

 H. N. Pearson (1855). 



Kchwarzbnrg, an old princely family of Ger- 

 many, which traces its descent from a Thuringian 



