SCHU AI;/I.M;KKU 



SCHWKGLER 



count, CiiinliiT, whom St Boniface converted 

 to Christianity. The first to adopt the title of 

 Schwarzburg WM Count Sizzo IV., e*rlv in the 

 12th century. Count Gnnther XXXIX.,' w ho in 

 tmduced the rrfonnnt ion into his states, was the 

 common ancotor of the two existing linen of the 

 Scliwnr/hurg family: his son .loliuiin Ciinthcr 

 found.-.! the lin<> of Si-hwar/huig Simdershausen, 

 anil Alhert that of Sehwar/hurg Kuilololailt. 



S<-|iw.Mt/.m i:.i Kl'DOLSTADT, a sovereign prin- 

 cipality of the German empire, ri.n-.i-is of the 

 tipper lordship f 2*3 sq. m. ami 79 per rent, of the 

 pop.) in the letefalMr Wold, surrounded l>y the 

 Saxon duchies of Weimar, Altcnhiiig, mid Mcin- 

 ingen, and the lower lord-hip (HO ). in. mid 21 ]-r 

 cent, of the pop. ), lying 40 miles to the north in 

 Prussian Saxony. I'np. 85,863. Both divisions 

 are mountainous : in the lower lord-hip stand- the 

 Kyffhauser (1545 feet), under which, according to 

 the legend, Frederick HorluiroHsa sleeps. In the 

 lower lord>hip agriculture ia the in.-iin.-tay nf the 

 people ; in the upper manufacturing industry 

 (porcelain, glass, machinery, mathematical in- 

 strument*, &c. ), mining, forestry, and grazing. 

 Education stands at a high level. The constitu- 

 tion is in principle that nf a constitutional 

 monarchy, the head of the state being the prince. 

 The national assembly consists of sixteen niemhers, 

 elected every tin Capital, KudoUta.lt. 



SciiWAltxiifKii-SoMiKiisHAfsEN, a sovereign 

 principality of Germany, consists of the lower lord- 

 ship ( 200 sq. in. and 51 j'per cent of pop. ) in lVus.-i.-ui 

 Saxony and two separate portions constituting the 

 upper lordship (132 sq. in. and 48} per cent of 

 pop.) in the Thuringcr \Vald, surrounded hy tin- 

 Saxon duchies of Cot ha. Weimar, and Meiningen. 

 Pop. 75,510. The occupations are the same 11* for 

 Schwarzhiirg-Kudolstadt, and distributed in the 

 same way. The government is in the hands of the 

 prince and an assembly of fifteen memliers, ten 

 elected by the |M-ople, live nominated by the prince. 

 Capital, Sonder-haii-eii. 



SrhwnrzenlMTK.aprincely family of Germ any, 

 the head of which wan raised ( 1429) by the Emperor 

 Siginmund to the dignity of Huron of the F.mpire. 

 Three of this family have acquired a European 

 reputation. ADAM, Count of Schwarzenberg, who 

 wan liorn in 1584, liecame (1619) prime-minister 

 and adviser of Ceorgc William, Elector of liranden- 

 burg. He was all-powerful during the Thirty Years' 

 War, ami brought down terrible calamities on 

 Brandenburg by his olistinate refusal to join the 

 Protestant union and his firm adherence to a iw>licy 

 of neutrality. He died 14th March 1641, shortly 

 after the death of his master. KARL PHILIPP, 

 Prince of BcotraraealMrg, won distinction as an 

 Austrian Held marshal during the Na|M>leonic wars. 

 He wa* born at Vienna, 15th April 1771, and tiist 

 Mnfe<l against the Turks. In tne war against the 

 French republic he fought with especial honour at 

 thr liattli>x of Cateau Caml.rcsis (1794), Wiir/.bnrg 

 (1798). and llohenlinden (IHOO), and reached the 

 grade of lieutenant held marshal. He was under 

 the orders of Mock in the cani|Miign of lHO.-> ; and, 

 when he KAW that t'lin was lost, he cut his way 

 through the French army and retired to Eger. He 

 wan amlMuwailor at the Russian court in 1808 by 

 the rxpre,* wi.l, ,,f t|,e Bapenr Alexander, fought 

 at Wtgam in 1809, and conducted the negotia- 

 tion* for the marriage Iwtween Na|x>leon and Maria 

 lamina. In thii, capacity and a* umliatwador at 

 I aris he so far gained the esteem of Na|>o|eoii that 



B JatU-r exprewlv dcmanile>l him as general in- 

 chief of the Au-tiian .ontingent which was sent 

 to aid France in the invasion of Russia in 1- 

 SchwarwnlH-rg paw-si the Hug and achieved some 

 light surrw(., l.ut was driven into the 'duchy 

 of Warsaw, where, acting on secret instruct! 



from NajMileon, he took up a position at Pultusk 

 and remained inactive. In the following \.-ar 

 he was appointed to the command of the Austrian 

 army of olwervation in Hohemia; and, when 

 An-tiia joined the allied |M>wers, he ] 

 generalissimo of the united annic*, and won the 

 great liattlcs of Dresilen and Leipzig. The year 

 after (1814) he marched into Fiance and captured 

 Paris. He died of apoplexy at I.eip/ig. i;,th 

 Octolier 1820. Although a bold and skilful leader 

 of cavalry, as a general he was a pedant. His 

 memoirs were edited by IVokesch-< isi.-n ( Vienna, 

 new ed. 1861). His nephew, FKI.IX l.iiiun. 

 JUIIANN FKIKDKICH, born Octolier 2, 1800, was 

 sent on a diplomatic mission to London in 1828, 

 but beeUM involved with Lady Ellenborough 

 in a divorce case, was ambassador at Naples in 

 1848, distinguished himself in the Italian cam 

 puign of IS4H, was placed at the head of affairs at 

 Vienna, called in the aid of the Russians against 

 Hungary, and pursued a Ixild absolutist policy, his 

 object being to make Austria supreme amongst t he 

 German states. He died at Vienna, April 5, 1852. 

 See Life by Berger (Leip. 1853). 



Srhwarzwald. See BLACK FOREST. 



Schwatka, FRKDKIJICK, Arctic explorer, was 

 lx>rn at Galena, Illinois, 2!tth Scptcmlier 1849, 

 graduated at West Point in 1S71, and served as 

 a lieutenant of cavalry on the frontier till 1877, 

 meanwhile licing also* admitted to the Nebraska 

 bar and taking a medical degree in New York. 

 In 1878-80 he commanded an expedition to King 

 William's Land which discovered and buried the 

 skeletons of several of Sir John Franklin's party, 

 and gathered information which filled up all gaps 

 in the narratives of Rae and M'Clintock, besides 

 perforraiog a notable sledge-journey of 3251 miles. 

 After exploring the course of the Yukon in Alaska. 

 in 1884 he resigned his commission. In 1886 he 

 commanded the New York Times Alaskan expedi- 

 tion, and ascended Mount St Elias to a height of 

 7200 feet; and in 1891 he led another party to 

 Alaska which opened up some 700 miles of new 

 country in the same quarter. In 1889 he hod led 

 an expedition, for the journal J ////, into Chi- 

 huahua, in Northern Mexico. He published Along 

 AUixka's Great Jttver (1885), Nimnxl in I In- .V./r/A 

 ( 1885), The Children of the Cold ( 1886). Died at 

 Portland, Oregon, November 2, 18!-J. See also 

 Xchtcatka'g Search, by W. H. Gilder ( INSI i. 



Scliwedt, a town of Prussia, in the province 

 of r.randenburg, on the Oder, 28 miles SSW. of 

 Stettin, with wood-sawing, lime-burning, and 

 tolacco industries. It wow the residence of the 

 margraves of Brandenburg from 1689 to 1788, and 

 was entirely rebuilt after a lire in 1684. Pop. 9766. 



ALBERT, theologian and philo- 

 sopher, IMIMI at Michelbach in Wurtemberg, 10th 

 February 1819. He studied theology at Tubingen, 

 and was profoundly influenced by the writings of 

 Hi-gel. Strauss, ami especially Baur. His striking 

 on Montanixm ( 1841 ) and many contribu- 

 tions to Zeller's Theologische Jahrbiicher brought 

 him into collision with the church authorities in 

 Wurtemberg, and caused him to abandon the 

 clerical calling. In 1843 he started the Jahrbiicher 

 der Gegenwart, and habilitate! as jirirnt-dorent in 

 philosophy and classical philology at Tubingen, 

 where in 1848 he liecame extra-ordinary professor 

 of Classical Philology, later ordinary professor of 

 History, and died 5th January 1857. 



His other theological works were Dot lfathapn*Mi*rhe 

 Zritalttr (2 vols. 1H46) a hastily written and uncritical 

 exaggeration of the Baur hypothesis, Christianity being 

 represented as a mere outgrowth of Ebionitism and 

 editions of the Clementine homilies (1847) and the 

 Church History of Eusebius (2 rols. 1852). More valu- 



