SCHWEIDNITZ 



SCHWYZ 



229 



able was hia contribution to the history of philosophy : 

 a translation with commentary of Aristotle's MetapUusirj 

 (4 vols. 1847-18) ; the Geschichte der Philosophic (1848; 

 Eng. trans, by Dr Hutchison Stirling, 1872), a masterly 

 sketch; and the posthumous Gachiclite der (friirh. 

 Philosophic (ed. by Kostlin, 1859), in which he broke 

 away from his earlier Hegelianism. He left unfinished 

 a Son. GetchichU (3 vols. 1853-58; 2d ed. 1867-72; 

 continued by Clason, vols. iv. and v. 1873-76). 



Sriiwridnitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, 36 

 miles by rail SW. of Breslau. Woollen and linen 

 goods, agricultural implements, gloves, needles, 

 pottery, and iiumerous other articles are manufac- 

 tured. The beer has been celebrated since the 16th 

 century. Considerable quantities of flax anil beet- 

 root are grown in the neighbourhood. Between 

 1641 and 1807 Schweidnitz was besieged and taken 

 six times, the last time by the French, after which 

 the defences were in great part destroyed Poo 

 (1890)24,780. 



Srhweillflirt, an ancient and long an im- 

 perial free city in the north-west of Bavaria, on 

 the Main, 28 miles NE. of Wiirzhurg by rail 

 It contains a beautiful market-place, in which 

 important cattle and wool markets are held. 

 \\ tM-gnrwing, sugar-refining, and manufactures 

 of chemicals, paper, bells, dyeing materials, as 

 white-lead, ultramarine, Schweinfurt green, &c., 

 and numerous other articles are carried on. Pop. 

 12,502. Riickert, the poet, was born here; and 

 a monument was erected in 1890. 



Krliweinfurth, GEORG Arousr, a German 

 traveller in Africa, was born in Kiga, 29th Decem- 

 ber 1836. He studied at Heidelberg, Munich, and 

 Berlin, making botany his specialty. In 1864 lie 

 made a journey through the valley of the Nile 

 and along the coasts of the Red Sea as far as 

 Abyssinia. In 1869, by the aid of a grant from 

 the llmiili.jl.it Society of Iterlin, lie again started 

 for Khartoum, whence he made hi* way into the 

 interior in the company of ivory-trade'rs, passed 

 tlirouxh the regions inhabited ' by the Bongo, 

 Dmka, ISiam-Niam, Madi, and Monbuttu peoples 

 and discovered the Welle. He returned in 1871 

 and in 1874 published his travels, an English 



ftmuuAnnti Tha ll..,.t nf \ i . 



their policy of linking the Reformed Church with 

 the state, instead of waiting passively for the 

 direct guidance of the Holy Spirit, the sole foun- 

 tain of sanctification. Schwenkfeld did not himself 

 partake of the Lord's Supper, although he did not 

 forbid it to others, for he held that there could be 

 no right participation without the exclusion of 

 unbelievers, and that the trne Lord's Supper is 

 kept through faith inwardly in the soul as often as 

 a man receives divine sweetness in Christ. He did 

 not approve of infant baptism, yet without admitting 

 the Baptist view of the importance of the baptism 

 f adults. His views coincide with those of George 



* [" > iifiif-m, ij.ii jil lr llSI| 



translation, The Heart of Africa, appearing the 

 name year. At the request of the Khedive he 

 founded in 1872 the Egyptian Geographical Society, 

 and was nominated president of the same. Between 

 1874 and 1883 he explored various districts of 

 Egypt, especially their botany. In 1880 he was 

 minted director of all the Egyptian museums 

 collections, &c. in Cairo. He has published Aries 

 Afncana: (Leip. and Lond. 1875) and numerous 

 papers in the. journals, Pelermann't MitteUungen, 

 tit*chrift tin- Brttbuub, Globus, &c. In 1891-94 

 he made a DoUnfaftl expedition to Erythrea. 



Schwnkfr Id. CASPAR VON, founder of a Pro- 

 testant sect, was born of noble family in 1490 at 

 Jssig near Liegnitz in Lower Silesia, studied two 

 years at Cologne and elsewhere, and, before retiring 

 into private life in 1521 to a constant study of the 

 Scriptures, served at various courts with. Duke 

 < harles of Munsterl*rg, and as aulic counsellor 

 with Duke Frederick II. of Liegnitz. He became 

 acquainted 1 with the views of John Huss, from his 

 routli up had lieen a student of Tauler, and was 

 permanently won over to the Reformation by the 

 n..l.le courage of Luther at Worms. About 1525 

 le openly declared for Luther, anil went to Witten- 

 rg to converse with him, but found his views 

 elv divergent on baptism and the eucharist. 

 I further, he found himself unable to accept any 

 eOMfMOdM of faith except such as followed closely 

 the letter of Scripture, and in his profound con- 

 :tion that the new movement should proceed 

 Jrom within outwardly, and not from inthovi 

 inwardly, he disagreed with the Lutherans in 



Fox in the doctrine of the Inward Light, the 

 Immediate Revelation, and the inability of mere 

 outward liodily acts, such as partaking of the 

 Lord's Supper or baptism, to give the inward and 

 spiritual reality and power ol the Lord's body ' 

 and 'blood,' or that of the spiritual 'washing of 

 regeneration.' Schwenkfeld's views in that in- 

 tolerant time brought him the hatred of Lutherans 

 and Catholics alike. The influence of the Emperor 

 Ferdinand forced the Duke of Liegnitz to banish 

 him in 1529, and he thereafter travelled to Ulm, 

 Augsburg, Nuremberg, and Strasburg, everywhere 

 gaining disciples. Luther fiercely denounced him, 

 and many untrue charges were brought against 

 mm l.y others, but all the violence of his antagon- 

 ists the much-enduring man received with saintly 

 patience. He died at Ulm, 10th December 1561. 

 Schwenkfeld wrote ninety distinct works, most of 

 which were burned, if not answered, by both 

 Protestants and Catholics. One of the most im- 

 portant was kis Bekaiidtniss und Rechenschaft von 

 "'a Iliiiiptpunktende^Chrwtlichen Glaubeni (1547). 

 By means of personal teaching and his books a 

 group of earnest disciples more than 4000 strong 

 was formed all over Germany, but mostly in 

 Swabia and Silesia, who separated themselves 

 under the name of Confessors, or Followers of the 

 Glory of Christ. They were persecuted in Silesia 

 in his lifetime, and many emigrated to Holland, 

 some to England. The Jesuit mission established 

 in Silesia in 1719 persecuted the remnant still 

 further, and gome joined the Protestant churches, 

 some fled to Saxony, where they were protected 

 by Count Zinzendorf. In 1734 forty families 

 emigrated to England, and finally thence to Penn- 

 sylvania, where, as Sehwenkfeldians, they have 

 maintained a distinct existence to this day, and in 

 1890 numbered 306 members, with six churches. 



See H. W. Erdkam, Geschichte der Prototantitchen 

 SeHat im Zeitalter der Reformation (Hamburg, 1848) ; 

 Kadelbach, (Jetchichte Schwenkfeld* und der Schwcnk- 

 feldianer (Lauban, 1861); and Robert Barclay, The 

 Inner Life of the Belujiota Societiei of the Common- 

 wealth (Lond. 1876). 



Schwerin, capital of the grand-duchy of 

 Mecklenburg-Scli werin, is agreeably situated on 

 the west shore of the Lake of Schwerin ( 14 miles 

 in length and 3 broad ), with smaller lakes behind 

 it. It is surrounded with suburbs and contains 

 the grand-duke's castle (1845-58), a Renaissance 

 structure; the cathedral (1365-1430), with interest- 

 ing monuments and stained glass ; an arsenal ; a 

 museum and picture-gallery; and manufactures 

 of lacquered wares, machinery, cloth, &c. Pop. 

 ( 1890) 33,730. 



Schwyz, a canton of Switzerland, touches in 

 the north the Lake of Zurich, and in the west the 

 Lakes of Zug and Lucerne. Area, 350 sq. m. ; pop. 

 (1888) 60,396, nearly all Roman Catholics. Tile 

 surface is mountainous, rising to 7494 feet, and in 

 kin/.igkulm on the Ircrder to 9052 feet. Cattle- 

 breeding and the keeping of swine, goats, and 

 sheep are the principal occupations, though cotton 

 and silk are Iwth spun and woven, and much fruit 

 is grown, Schwyz kirschenwasser being in great 



