SCORE 



SCORPION 



235 



flourished during the first half of the 4th century 

 B.C. One of his earliest works we read about was 

 the temple of Athena Alea at Tegea in Arcadia, 

 on the site of a previous one burned down in 395 B.C. ; 

 he superintended both the building of it and the 

 adorning of it with sculpture. Some fifteen years 

 or so later he settled in Athens, where for more 

 than a quarter of a century he lalmnred at his pro- 

 fession. Towards the end of his life he was 

 associated with Leochares and others in preparing 

 sculpture for the great Mausoleum (q.v. ) of Hali 

 carnassns in Asia Minor. A large composition 

 representing Achilles being convoyed to Leiice by 

 Poseidon, Thetis, and the Nereias, preserved for 

 some time in the temple of Neptune at Rome, 

 was accounted one of his greatest masterpieces. 

 Another composite work attributed to him, though 

 doubtfully, was the 'Slaughter of the Children of 

 Niobe. ' He excelled also in statues of single gods 

 and goddesses, as the ' Apollo with the Lyre.' See 

 the German monograph by Urlichs ( 1863). 



Score, in Music, compositions for several voices 

 ov instruments, or for an orchestra, so written that 

 each part has a separate staff for itself, these staves 

 being placed over each other, bar corresponding to 

 bar. Occasionally, where there is a deficiency of 

 staves for all the parts, or where any of the parts 

 have so little to do that it is not worth while to 

 assign them a separate staff, parts related to or 

 connected with each other, as two flutes, two 

 clarionets, or three tromlx>nes, may be written on 

 the same staff together. As a general rule, the 

 highest part should be placed uppermost, then the 

 next lower, and gradually descending. All the 

 parts of a chorus should be placed together. 



Scoresfoy, WILLIAM, an Arctic explorer and 

 savant, was born at Cropton near Whitby, October 

 5, 1789. He commenced a seafaring life at the age 

 of eleven, by accompanying his father, a whaling 

 captain, to the Greenland seas ; and next suc- 

 ceeding his father, he mode several voyages to 

 the Spltzbergen and Greenland whaling-grounds. 

 He attended classes at Edinburgh University, car- 

 ried on investigations in natural history, botany, 

 meteorology, magnetism, &c., and published the 

 results in An Account of the Arctic Regions 

 (2 vols. 1820). In 1822 he surveyed 400 miles 

 of the east coast of Greenland. After one more 

 voyage he retired from seafaring life in order 

 to enter the church ; and having studied at Cam- 

 bridge, and l>een ordained (1825) at Bessingby, 

 laboured faithfully at Liverpool, Exeter, and Brail- 

 ford. At length failing health compelled him to 

 retire (1849) to Torquay; but he still continued 

 his physical researches." The results of these, as 

 of some earlier inquiries, were published in the 

 transactions of the learned societies, and in Magnet- 

 icnl Investigations (2 vols. 1839-52). For the 

 better prosecution of these- researches Scoresby 

 made a voyage to the United States in 1847, and to 

 Australia in 1856. He died at Torquay on March 

 21, 1857. He was elected F.K.S. in 1824, and a 

 corresponding iiiemlier of the French Institute in 

 1827. See Life by his nephew ( 1861 ). 



ScoriSR (ire the cinders anil slags of volcanoes, 

 IIIOP- or less porous from the expansion of the gases 



ilmned in the melted materials. See VOLCANOES 



and lonotn HOCKS. 



Scorpion, a name 



of the family Scorpion! , 



piden, mites, &c. in the heterogeneous class 

 Arauhnicla. Among the common genera are 

 Scorpio, Androctonus, and Bnthus. Altogether 

 iii> n- are about 200 species, natives of warm 

 countries in both hemispheres. About thirteen 

 species live in southern Europe. Shy of the light, 

 they lurk during the day under stones and in 



me applicable to any member 



l>ionid:r, included along with 



crevices, but run about actively in the darkness 

 seeking their prey usually insects or spiders 

 which they sting and afterwards suck. The form 

 of the body is distinctive : the head and the thorax 

 are united", covered by a cephalo-thoracic shield, 

 and bear a pair of chelicene, a pair of large 

 pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs. On the 



Common Scorpion (Scorpio europeus). 



anterior part of the shield there are several pairs of 

 simple eyes, a pair centrally and several pairs near 

 the margin. The abdomen consists of twelve seg- 

 ments, of which five form the narrow 'tail,' which 

 is curled over the back when the animal runs. On 

 the under surface of the abdomen we see most 

 anteriorly a small double plate covering the genital 

 aperture, then a pair of remarkable comb-like 

 appendages or 'pectines,' probably with tactile 

 functions, and behind these on four successive seg- 

 ments the slit-like apertures of four pairs of respira- 

 tory lung-books (so called as the lamellae are super- 

 imposed like the leaves of a book). The tail ends in 

 a sting, containing a paired gland from which poison 

 flows through the perforated sharp point. When 

 the scorpion strikes it suddenly straightens the tail, 

 bringing the ]>oint (which is usually upturned) 

 rapidly downwards. It does not seem possible for 

 the scorpion to sting itself, as is often alleged ; 

 there has been much controversy on the subject, the 

 old allegation being that a scorpion surrounded by a 

 ring of lire would, recognising its fate, deliberately 

 commit suicide by stinging itself on the head. Of 

 late years many experiments have been made : 

 scorpions evidently suffer much from great heat, 

 and their excited movements may readily have 

 given rise to apparently suicidal designs such as the 

 creature is of course utterly incapable of forming. 

 As poisonous snakes cannot kill themselves or others 

 of their own species by their venom, so scorpions 

 cannot injure by their poison either themselves or 

 other scorpions. See Fayrer, Thanatopfudia of 

 India ( 1873) ; Bourne, in Pror. Roy. Soc. (1887). 



In seizing the prey the scorpion's large pedi- 

 palps are of use, and the small chelicera; may serve 

 to hold the dead body close to the month ; the 

 pharynx is suctorial, and the food-canal is very 

 narrow, the food lieing for the most part merely 

 the juices of the victim. The brain is well 

 developed, and there is a ventral nerve-cord with 

 seven ganglia. The lung-books are like those of 

 spiders. In regard to their reproduction the most 

 interesting fact is the parental care of the mother 

 scorpion, who brings forth her young alive, shelters 

 them under her body, or carries them about with 

 her. When alarmed or irritated scorpions show 

 some fierceness, moving their tail threateningly ; 

 they are highly sensitive to sound, musical or other. 

 They are universally disliked, and not a little 

 dreaded, being apt to get into houses, and into 

 lieds, hiding themselves under pillows, in shoes, 

 boots, &c., so that accidents are very frequent in 

 countries where they abound. The wound which 



