SCOTER 



SCOTLAND 



237 



Scoter (QSdemia), a genus of oceanic ducks, 

 represented on British coasts by the Com- 

 mon Scoter (CE. nigra), the larger Velvet Scoter 

 (CE fusca), and occasionally by the North 

 Aw*rican Surf Scoter (CE. perspicillata). In 



Velvet Scoter ( (Edemia fusca). 



North America CE. americana is widely distributed. 

 The Common Black Scoter is about the size of the 

 common duck. The whole plumage of the male 

 is deep black ; that of the female is dark brown. 

 They are abundant in winter on many parts of the 

 British coast, but most migrate in spring to north- 

 ern Scandinavia, Russia, and Silna. They 

 usually nest by inland fresh-water lakes. They 

 feed on molluscs. The flesh is oily, and has a fishy 

 taste, but, being therefore permitted to Roman 

 Catholics during Lent, is in great request in some 

 countries. 



Srot 1st s. See DUNS Scores, SCHOLASTICISM. 



Scotland, the northern part of Great Britain, 

 is washed on the W. and N. by the Atlantic, on 

 the E. by the North Sea, and on the 8. is parted 

 from England by the Solway Firth and the ( largely 

 artificial ) line described in the article BORDERS. 

 Its length, from Cape Wrath to the Mull of Gallo- 

 way, is 274 miles ; its breadth varies between 24 

 and 146 miles; and its total area is 19,777,490 

 acres or 30,902 sq. m., of which 631 sq. m. are 

 water and 485 foreshore. The geology, physical 

 geography, meteorology, &c. have already been 

 sketched at GREAT BRITAIN ; still, here we may 

 recapitulate the outstanding features of Scotland 

 for purposes of comparison and of reference to 

 innumerable articles scattered throughout this 

 work. Of 787 islands, belonging mostly to the 

 Hebrides, Orkneys, or Shetland, sixty-two exceed 

 3 sq. m. in area, and of these the largest are Long 

 Island (Lewis and Harris, 859 sq. rn.), Skye (643), 

 the Mainland of Shetland (378), Mull (347), Islay 

 (246), Pomona (207), Arran (168), Jura (143), and 

 North Uist (136). Of twenty -six rivers flowing 

 direct to the sea the chief are the Tweed (97 miles 

 long), Forth (75), Tay (83), Dee (87), Don (82), 

 Deveron (62), Spey (96), Clyde (106), and Nith 

 1 1 71 ) ; and of these the Forth, Tay, and Clyde expand 

 into important estuaries. There is also the Moray 

 Firth ; and indeed the whole coast is so intersected 

 by arms of the sea that few places are more than 

 40 miles inland. Fresh-water lakes are numerous 

 Lochs Lomond (27 sq. m.), Ness (19), Awe (16), 

 Kliin, Maree, Tay, Earn, Leven, Katrine, &c. The 

 division of Scotland into Highlands and Lowlands, 

 which puzzles strangers, who cannot understand 

 how Wick comes to be Lowland and Inveraray 

 Highland, is explained at HIGHLANDS (q.v.). In 

 the Lowlands the highest points are Memck (2764 

 feet) in Kirkcudbrightshire, and Broad Law (2723) 



in Peeblesshire ; in the Highlands there are no fewer 

 than 184 summits that exceed 3000 feet above 

 sea-level among them Ben Nevis (4406), Ben 

 Macdhui (4296), Ben Lawers (4004), Ben Cruachan 

 (3689), Ben Wyvis (3429), and Ben Lomond (3192). 

 See CHEVIOT HILLS, OCHIL HILLS, GRAMPIANS, &c. 



In the whole of Scotland the percentage of culti- 

 vated area is only 24-2 in Fife as high as 74 '8, in 

 Sutherland as low as 2'4. Woods cover less than 

 1400 sq. in. ; and there are 1800 acres of orchards, 

 nearly 5300 of market-gardens, and 1400 of nursery 

 grounds. Between 1857 and 1890 the number of 

 horses increased from 185,406 to 189,727, of cattle 

 from 381,053 to 1,185,876, of sheep from 5,683,168 

 to 7,361,461, and of pigs from 140,354 to 159,674. 

 In 1890 the value of the total mineral output was 

 10,705,780, including 8,382,957 for 24,278,589 

 tons of coal (in 1854 only 7,448,000 tons), 534,265 

 for 998,835 tons of iron ore, and 599,633 for 

 2,180,483 tons of oil shale. No very reliable 

 figures are published for the manufactures, which 

 are noticed under the various towns (Glasgow, 

 Dundee, Greenock, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Dun- 

 fermline, Hawick, Galashiels, &c.); but in 1890 

 there were in all Scotland 747 textile factories, 

 with 2,413,735 Bundles, 71,471 power-looms, and 

 154,591 hands. In shipbuilding, during a period 

 of five years, there was a minimum output of 203 

 vessels of 112,072 tons in 1886, a maximum of 

 264 of 209,718 in 1890; whilst during that same 

 period foreign and colonial iiujKirts ranged be- 

 tween 27,919,943 and 36,771,016, the exports 

 between 18,248,094 and 24,749,907, and the 

 customs between 1,650,950- and 1,789,260. In 

 1890 at the twenty-seven head ports there entered 

 53,212 sailing and steam vessels of 14,651,134 tons, 

 and cleared 53,819 of 12,080,812. The length of 

 the railways has grown from 1243 miles in 1857 

 to 2700 in 1874, and 3118 in 1890. 



The gradual growth of the total population has 

 been as follows : (1801)1,608,420; (1821)2,091,521; 

 (1841)2,620,184; (1861)3,062,294; (1881)3,735,573; 

 (1891) 4,025,647, of whom 1,942,717 were males, 

 2,082,930 females, and 254,415 Gaelic-speaking, and 

 of whom 1,589,874 belonged to the nine principal 

 towns, 1,308,821 to the other towns, 1,008,464 to 

 the mainland rural districts, ami 125,944 to the 

 insular rural districts. Those nine principal towns 

 are Glasgow (pop. in 1891 of 565,714, or 792,728 

 with suburbs), Edinburgh (261,261), Dundee 

 (155,640), Aberdeen (121,905), Leith (69,696), 

 Paisley (66,427), Greenock (63,498), Perth (30,760), 

 Kilmarnock (27,959); and the other towns with 

 more than 10,000 inhabitants are Coatbridge 

 (29,996), Kirkcaldy (27,151), Hamilton (24,863), 

 Ayr (24,800), Arbroath (22,960), Dunfermline 

 (22,365), Inverness (19,214), Hawick (19,204), 

 Airdrie (19,135), Motherwell (18,662), Dumfries 

 (17,804), Falkirk (17,307), Galashiels (17,249), 

 Dumbarton (16,908), Stirling (16,895), Wishaw 

 (14,869), Port Glasgow (14,624), Rutherglen 

 (13,361 ). Montrose ( 13,048), Forfar (12,844), Peter- 

 head (12,195), Alloa (10,711), and Pollokshaws 

 (10,228). 



The officers of state for Scotland are the Secretary 

 for Scotland, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, 

 the Lord Clerk Register, the Lord Advocate, and 

 the Lord Justice-clerk. The duties of the first, 

 appointed under an Act of 1885 (amended 1887), 

 were transferred to him from the Home Secretary, 

 and relate to education, sanitation, manufactures, 

 prisons, &c. For the government of Scotland 

 reference may be made to the articles PARLIAMENT, 

 BOROUGH, and COUNTY, a system similar to that 

 described in the last-named article having been 

 extended to North Britain by the Local Govern- 

 ment (Scotland) Act, 1889, with some differences 

 e.g. that in Scottish county councils there are 



