SCOTLAND (HISTORY) 



no aldermen. I' ruler that act a good many changes 

 have been made in the county bouiidaries,*detached 

 portion* of Nairn, Perth," Selkirk, \c. Ix'ing 

 annexed to the counties surrounding them ; whilst 

 Orkney and Shetland, united for |iarliamentary 

 purposes, were ditnevered. There thug are thirty- 

 three counties, whose area and population are 

 shown in the following table : 



Aberdwn ................. 1,182.087 



Argyll .................... 2.U4.274 



Ayr ...................... T38.262 



Banff. .................... 41S.791 



Berwick .................. 297.161 



Bute ..................... 143,997 



CMUmeas ................. 448,867 



Oankiuanaai ............. 11.878 



Dumbarton ............... 174,877 



Dumfries ................. 706,948 



sVllnboifh. ............... 234,926 



1S1.08S 



328,427 



Porfar .................... 689.851 



Haddlngtoo .............. 179.142 



Invrrnen ................ 2, 787,078 



Kincardine ................ 248,195 



Klnm .................. 4.81t 



Kirkcudbright ............ 610,848 



Lanark ................... 688,888 



Linlilhgott ............... 81,113 



Naini ................... 1S7.U06 



Orkney ................... 240,040 



Fteble* .................. 7,88a 



PwUi .................... 1,884,690 



Itanfrew .................. 162,488 



Ran and Oranarty ........ 1,881,672 



Roxburgh ................ 4t8,464 



Salklrk ................... 188.614 



Shetland .................. 862,878 



Stirling .................. 298,679 



Sotherknd ................ 1,860,846 



Wigtown ................. 827,008 



. 

 84,297 



37,216 

 SO.S06 

 11,791 

 22,609 



I".-.- 

 20.710 

 54.597 

 122.S97 

 27,780 



281,831 

 76,945 



2X4.222 

 04,167 



..-, - 

 18. 408 

 37,161 



94,511 



43,448 



90,058 



njm 



6.340 



6,725 



m, . 1 1 



147,801 



17.844 



0,401 



. 



JI.4I.. 



H M7 



,. Bg 



39,979 



1 "4 -.7-7 



62,789 



10,019 



. 



i *, - ; 

 7S.601 

 58,318 

 33,721 



I '.:.: < 



J. 117 



B,9U 



14,760 

 126.128 



t,no 



77,761 

 I .:-'. 

 27,349 

 28,711 



21,940 

 36,048 



See P. Home Brown's Karly Trarellen in Scotland, 

 U96-KS9 (1891); F. Grose's AiUiquiliet of Scotland (2 

 vols. 1789-91); Sir John Sinclair's Statitlical Account 

 of Scotland (21 vols. 1791-!*); Dorothy Wordsworth's 

 Tour in Scotland (ed, by Shairp, 1874); G. Chalmers 1 

 Caledonia (3 vols. 1807-24 ; new ed. Paisley. 7 vols. 1X88 

 etttq.); KCharobers's,Pittr*o/S<tfid(2vols.l827); 

 the New Statistical Account ( 15 vola. 1845) ; Sir Thomas 

 Dick Lander's Scotlith Riven (ed. by Dr John Brown, 

 1874); Billings' Baronial and Ecdetiaittcal Antiquitia 

 of Scotland (4 vols. 1848-52); Cosmo Innes' Oriijine* 

 Parochiala Scotia (3 vols. 1850-65); Hugh Miller's 

 Cruue of the Bettey ( 1868) : Sir A, Oeilue's Scenery of 

 Scotland viewed in connection with itt Pkjincal Geology 

 (1H65; 2d ed. 1H7); Dean Ramsay's Reminitcencti of 

 Seottitk Lift and Character (22d ed. 1874); J. Anderson, 

 Scotland in Karl* Chrittian and Pagan Timet (4 vola. 

 1881 -88) ; F. H. Oroome's Ordnance Oatetteer of Scotland 

 (1882-86; 3d ed. 1893-99); C. Rogers' Social Life in 

 Scotland (3 vola. 1884-86); and MaoGibbon and Ross's 

 CattfUatfd and Dotncttic Architecture of .Scotland (4 vols. 

 1888-92 ). A general reference may suffice to our articles 

 on the counties, towns, rivers, lake*. Ac. of Scotland ; 

 and special information, will be found under a multitude 

 of headings e.g. : 



Advocate, Lord. BarUi-hooses. Ordnance Survey. 



Advoastsa. RVlucaUon, p. H7. ParalBn. 



Agjicoluir.. rWieriea. Parliamrnt. 



Ballad. ...... Plsclcullur-. 



BanklnK, p. 711. Oolf. Poor-Uw^ p. 816. 



Great Britain. Printing, p 409 



Graute. Round Towtrs. 



Hrbrldea. Baltnon. 



Highlands. Sculpturwl Ktonea. 



Hlll-forU. MhlpbulKlhiK. 



Jnte. 



Lak^diB-lllnio. i 



Library, p 6U7. UnlvmlUea. 



Maenhowe. Volunteers. 



Nf wtpiipcrt, p. 476. Whisky. 



Ogam. Wool. 



CIVIL HISTORY. An account has been given 

 under the article I'IC.TS of the early inhabitants of 

 the country which has long been" known by the 

 name of Scotland, but which by the Roman* was 

 calM Caledonia (q.v.). The original Scotia or 

 Scotland wan Ireland, and the Scoti or Scots, at 

 their first ap|x>arance in authentic history, were the 



Brldjtc, p. 443. 



!'.. . . 



Canal, p. 899. 



OtnUI 



' 



Court of Session. 



Covenant 



(mutual Law. 



, . ... 



I. - . . 



people of Ireland (q.v.). The Scoto were a Celtic 

 race, and their original seat in Northern Britain 

 was in Argyll, which ilicy acquired by colonisation 

 or conquest before the end of the 5th century ; ami 

 thence they uprciid theniHelves along the western 

 coaat from Uie Firth of Clyde to the modern Roes. 

 The name of Scotland geenix first to have been given 

 to the united kingdom of the I'ict - and Scut- in the 

 10th century. It was then sometimes styled, by 

 way of distinction. Scotia Kum i. New Scotland), 

 and it was a coimiderable time afterwards before 

 the name of Scotland was applied to it, to the 

 exclusion of Ireland. This interchange of names 

 was a fruitful source of dixpnte between Irish and 

 Scottish writers in the 16th anil 17th centuries. 



The I'M -t prince of the British Scots mentioned 

 in our authentic annals was Fergus, son of Ere, 

 who crossed over to Britain about 496 or 498. 

 His nation had been converted to Christianitv 1>\ 

 St Patrick, and Fergus himself is said to have 

 received the blessing ot the saint in his early years. 

 His great-grandson, Conal, was king of the British 

 Scots when Coluniba (q.v. ) began the conversion 

 of the Northern Picte ; and by that prince, accord- 

 ing to the best authorities, lona was given for the 

 use of the mission. Conal was succeeded by his 

 nephew, Aidan, who was inaugurated as sovereign 

 by St Columlm in the island of lona a ceremony 

 which Scottish writers, misled by the great French 

 antiquary Martfene, long believed to be the first 

 example of the benediction of kings. Aidan was a 

 powerful prince, and more than once successfully 

 invaded the English border, but in 603, towards 

 the end of his reign, he received a severe defeat 

 from the Northumbrian sovereign Ethelfrid at 

 Dn-gsastane ( probably Dawstoue in Liddesdale ). 



The history of Aidan's successors is obscure and 

 uninteresting, except to the professed students of 

 our early history. Their kingdom was over- 

 shadowea by the more powerful monarchy of the 

 Picts, with which, as well as with ite neighbours 

 in the south the Britons of Cumbria it was en- 

 gaged in almost unceasing conflict* The Scots 

 were for a time under some sort of subjection to 

 the English of Northumbria, but recovered their 

 independence on the defeat and death of King 

 Bcgmd in Kittle with the Picts at Nechtanemere 

 I'liiinichen, Forfarshire ) in 685. In the middle of 

 the 9th century, by a revolution, the exact nature 

 of which has never been ascertained, the Scots 

 acquired a predominance in Northern Kritain. 

 Kenneth Macalpin, the lineal descendant of Fergus 

 and Aidan, succeeded his father as king of the 

 Scut - in 836. The Pictish kingdom was weakened 

 by civil dissension and a disputed claim to the 

 crown. Kenneth laid claim to it as the true heir 

 in the female line, and was acknowledged king of 

 Allmn in 843. 



King Kenneth transferred his residence to For- 

 teviot in Stratherne, which had been the I'icti-h 

 capital, fixing soon afterwards the ecclesiastical 

 metropolis of the united kingdom at Dunkeld, 

 whence in 908 it was translated to Abernethy. 

 Tlii- I'icts and Scots, each speaking a dialect of the 

 Celtic tongue, gradually coalesced into one people, 

 whose territory extended from the Firths of Forth 

 and Clyde to the northern extremity of Britain. 

 The crown descended to a line of princes of the 

 family of Kenneth, whose rule gave a unity and 

 comparative tranquillity to the Scots of Britain 

 which those of Ireland, at no time really united 

 under one prince, never possessed. The first inter- 

 ruption to the descent of the crown in the line of 

 Kenneth was the reign of a usurper named Grig, 

 round whose name, amplified to Gregory by the 

 writers of a later age, a cloud of legendary fiction 

 gathered. The old family was restored on hia 

 xpnlsion in 893. 



