242 



SCOTLAND (CHURCH HISTORY) 



Canada settlers of Scottish dement are to those of 

 English descent as 70 to 100 ; in the United States 



the Scotti-li U>rn are not n fourth of tlie Kngliidi 

 Uirn cituens. Kniiiifiit English statesmen like Mr 

 Gladstone have I--.-M <>i pm.-ly Scotch descent. 

 Sweden has il> Hamilton*, QanMMH Douglases; 

 the great philosopher Kant. tli>- liussian poet 

 Lennontolf, the Norwegian comjxwer Grieg bear 

 Scottish names more or less modified. 



See the ' Hutoruuu of Scotland ' scru-i ( 10 roU. 1871- 

 80), comprising the chroniclr* of Kuntun and Wyntoun, 

 the lire* of Si Niman, Kcntig.-m, anil Columba, the 

 Critiral Enay OH Uu Aneirnt Inhabitant* of Scotland, 

 by Katht-r In'nc* (q.r.). Ac.; the Hutory of Bode, the 

 Iriah Annals, and especially Skene's Critic Scotland (3 

 ToU. 1K76-M I ; new ed. 1886 ). Fur the period down to 

 the Ki-fiinuation may be added the Chronicles of Melrose 

 and Laiii-rcont, Leslie's and Buchanan's Histories, E. 

 W. KuberUon's Scotland under her Earl? Kinyl (2 vols. 

 1882), and the Acts of the Scottish Parliament. Fur 

 the period from the Reformation to the Union Knox's, 

 Calderwood's, Spottiswoode's, and Robertson's Histories, 

 Baillie's Letters, Wodruw's and Burnet's Histories, the 

 AcU of Parliament, and the State Papers. The Scotch 

 Records pnblioations include The Kxchrqurr Rollt of 

 Scotland, Aceotntt of Lord High Treatnrer, Ktgitter of 

 Priry-touHcil, Document* iUuttrating Srottith HMory. 

 See also Pickcrton'a Inquiry; Hallos' s Annul*; the 

 historic* liy Tvtler. I-aing, Hill Burton, Hume Brown 

 ( vol. i. 1S!KI I. and Lang ( vol. i. 189!) ), with smaller works 

 by Mackenzie and Mac-art lair ; Chambers'* Duu*tic. 

 Annalt ; the works of Cosmo Innes ; Hill Burton's Scot 

 A broad ; Mackintosh's Hiilory of Cirilitation in Scotland 

 (1878-84), his Scotland from the Karliat Timei to the 

 frttcnt Century (1890) ; and the Duke of Argyll's Scut- 

 land at it wot and at it it ( 1887 ) ; besides works on 

 special periods. Additional references may be found by 

 consulting articles in this work, such as GOWRII CON- 

 SPIRACY. JACOBITES, kc., and the lives of the kings and 

 other great personages of Scottish history. For the 

 royal arms of Scotland, see HEBALDBY, Vol. V. p. 069. 



ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. Christianity in Scot- 

 land dates from the 4th century, but its beginning 

 are obscure. What we know centres mainly round 

 the lives of the great Celtic missionaries, Ninian, 

 Kentigern, and Columha, and may be traced in 

 the article* on them, as also in those on Adamnan, 

 on Cuthl*ert, on the Culdees, and on the Picts. 

 The connection of St Palladius, 'chief apostle of 

 the Scottish nation,' with Scot Inn. 1 seems mythical ; 

 he i* said to have been sent in Scotiam ' in 430 by 

 Pope Celestine ; but the ' Scotia ' here meant was 

 certainly Ireland, and Skene .Ion I it* if I'alladius 

 was ever in Scotland till after his death, when St 

 Tertian brought his relics to Fonloun in Kincar- 

 dnicshire. The doctrines of the ancient Scottish 

 Church were the same as those of the rest of 

 Western Christendom. In ritual there were some 

 points of difference, but so slight that the most 

 ini|>ortant related to the time of observing the 

 Hauler festival. In these pointe also the Scote 

 gradually conformed to the usage of the Roman 

 and English Churches. In one point, however, 

 tin-re continued for several centuries to lie a 

 marked distinction between the Scots and Irish 

 on the one hand and the churches of England 

 and the Continent on the other. This was in 

 reference to ecclesiastical government. The Scote 

 recognised the same orders of tin- ministry, bishops, 

 priest*, and deacons, as other Christians did ; and 

 like them they held that ordination could be given 

 only by hislni|m. But they acknowledged no such 

 supremacy of jurisdiction in the episcopal order as 

 was held by other churches. In Scotland there 

 were neither dioceses nor parishes ; but there were 

 numerous monasteries in which the abbots, whether 

 Li-hop- or priests, bore the chief rule, all ln-inc in 

 subordination to the successor of St Columba, the 

 presbytr-abbot of lona, who in virtue of that office 

 was primate of the Picta and Scote. 



When lona was desolated by the Northmen tin- 

 primacy seems to have U-en transferred in the 

 middle of the 9th century to the Abbot* of Dunkeld, 

 then to the Bishops of Abernethy, and finally to t he 

 Bishops of St Andrews, who became known as Spit- 

 cofii bcotorum, the bishops of the Scote. Slowly at 

 first, but gradually, an assimilation to the English 

 and continental usages licgan, a change rendered 

 more easy by the Scottish dominion licing exti-nded 

 ovei l.otiiian. in which the ecclesiastical s\st. -m \va- 

 the Mime as that of England. A yreat impulse wa 

 ^nc-n in the same direction by the marriage of 

 Malcolm III., king of the Scot*, with Margaret the 

 sister of Edgar Atheling. The king and queen used 

 their utmost efforts to introduce the English iisa^t-s 

 in ecclesiastical as in other matters ; and M.-n. 

 herself held repeated conferences for that puipose. 

 with the chief Scottish ecclesiastics, at which her 

 husband acted as interpreter. The principal points 

 in which she attempted to bring about a reform 

 were the commencement of the Lent fast, the 

 8U]>erstitiou8 infrequency of receiving the com- 

 munion, ami the lax observance of Sunday and of 

 the scriptural and canonical restrictions on marriage 

 between relations. 



The reform begun by Malcolm and Margaret was 

 fully carried out by their youngest son.Tlavid I. 

 These improvements were completed by his succes- 

 sors, and before the end of the 12th century the 

 ecclesiastical system of Scotland .litleied in no im- 

 portant point from that of the rest of Europe. 

 Some Scottish writers have lamented the change, 

 as being one from purity of belief and practice to 

 MipeiM ition and immorality. This is undoubtedly 

 a mistake. The Celtic Church had IK-COMIC very 

 corrupt, and the clergy were inferior Imth in learn- 

 ing and morals to their brethren in the south. 

 King David was a reformer in the best sense of the 

 word, and it does not detract from the character of 

 his reformation that as time went on the Scottish 

 Church In-came involved in those superstitions with 

 which the rest of Christendom was overspread. 



The ritual of the Scottish i lin-val church was 



almost the same as that of England, the Salisbury 

 Mi-^il and Breviary being the models of the Litur- 

 gies and Office Books used in Scotland. The ex- 

 ternal system of the church cathedral, parochial, 

 and monastic was also in almost every point 

 identical. The chief monastic orders were the 

 Benedictine and ite most important branches the 

 Clugniac and Cistercian, the canons regular of St 

 Augustine, and the Keformed Premonstratensian 

 canons. The Clugniacs and Cistercians were in 

 strict subordination to the mother- houses of their 

 orders at Cluguy and Citeaux. In the 13th century 

 the Dominican, Franciscan, and Carmelite friars 

 were introduced into Scotland. The chapters of 

 all the Scottish cathedrals, except those of St 

 Andrews and Whithorn, were composed of secular 

 canons the chief dignitaries being a dean, arch 

 deacon, chancellor, precentor, and treasurer. The 

 prior and canons regular of the Augustinian 

 monastery at St Andrews formed the chapter of 

 that see, and the prior and Premonstratensian 

 canons of Whithorn formed the chapter of the 

 cathedral of Galloway. There were twelve 

 dioceses in the Scottish Church, to which Orkney 

 was added on the transference of those islands t<i 

 the Scottish sovereign in the 15th century. The 

 t\\elve dioceses were Caithness, Koss, Moray, 

 Alierdeen, Brechin, Dunkeld, Dunblane, St 

 Andrews, Argyll, the Islf*, Clasgow, and Gallo- 

 way. The larger of these dioceses were divided, 

 like the English dioceses, into rural deaneries. 

 The single point in which the meditpval church 

 down to the 15th century differed from that of 

 England and other churches of the west was in its 

 having no metropolitan. St Andrews, and next to 



