SCOTUS 



SCREEN 



259 



associationism that he can hardly be counted a 

 contiimator of the school. The most eminent 

 successor of Reid and Stewart was Sir William 

 Hamilton (1788-1856), who endeavoured to com- 

 bine the traditional Scottish doctrine with the 

 negative results of the Kantian critique of know- 

 ledge. Apart from his contributions to psychology 

 and lngie, his philosophy is in the main an asser- 

 tion of the relativity of human knowledge, and the 

 impossibility, therefore, of reaching a coherent 

 metaphysical view of the universe. This position, 

 however, has Ijeen disclaimed by M'Cosh and others 

 as savouring too much of agnosticism, and as incon- 

 sistent with the original position of Scottish philo- 

 sophy in regard to our immediate knowledge of 

 niitid and matter. Scottish philosophy has had a 

 wide influence not only in Scotland and America, 

 but also in France, through Cousin and his 

 'spiritualistic' followers. 



See M'Cosh. The SfoUi*h Philotophy from Hntchtton to 

 Hamilton (1874); and the Kalfour Lecture* on Scoltuh 

 P/tilotopky, by the present writer (1885). 



Scotus. See DUNS SCOTUS, ERIGENA, SCHOL- 

 ASTICISM. 



Scranton, the fourth city of Pennsylvania, 

 and capital of Lackawanna county, is on the 

 Lackawanna River, 144 miles by rail NW. of New- 

 York. It lies in an important anthracite basin, 

 and is a busy railway centre. It* trade in coal 

 and mining supplies is enormous ; and it has car 

 and carriage factories, and great iron and steel 

 manufactories, turning out locomotives, boilers, 

 machinery, stoves, and edge-tools. Scranton is 

 well built, its streets wide, with many handsome 

 buildings, including among its scores of churches a 

 cathedral. It was founded in 1840, and became 

 a city in 1850. Pop. (1800) 9*23; (1880) 45,850; 

 (1890) 75,215; (1900) 102,028. 



Screamer (Pnlametiea), a genus of birds of 

 rather doubtful affinities, probably most nearly 

 allied to the Anseres (ducks anil geese). The bill 

 is rather short, conical, curved at the extremity ; 

 there is a bare space around the eyes ; the toes are 

 long ; each wing is furnished with two strong spurs. 

 There are three species, 

 sometimes referred to two 

 genera Pulnmedca and 

 Channel. The Horned 

 S< -reamer, or Kamichi ( /'. 

 rnriinlii i, inhabits swamps 

 in Brazil and (iiiiana, and 

 feeds on the leaves and 

 seeds of aquatic plants. 

 It is of a blackish -brown 

 colour, nearly as large as 

 a turkey, ami has some- 

 what the appearance of a 

 gallinai-eous bird. It re- 

 ceives its name from ito 

 loud and harsh cry. From 

 the head, a little behind 

 the bill, there rises a long, 

 slender, movable horn, for 

 which no use has l>cen con- 

 jectured. The spurs of 

 the wings are sum,., , ,] 

 to In! useful in defence 

 against snakes and other 

 enemies. --The Crested 

 Screamer (('liniinn or 

 Palameilen <//////</) is a 

 native of lirazil and I'ani- 

 Kay, the head of which 

 lias no horn, but is 

 adorned with erectile 



feathers. The plumage is mostly lead-coloured 

 and blackish. The wings are armed with spurs. 



It is very capable of domestication, and is some- 

 times reared with flocks of geese and turkeys, to 



Crested Screamer ( Cliauna chararia ). 



defend them from vultures, being a bold and power- 

 ful bird. Very closely allied to this is the Derbian 

 Screamer ( C. derbiana ). 



Screen, in Architecture, an enclosure or parti- 

 tion of wood, stone, or metal work. It is of frequent 

 use in churches, where it shuts off chapels from the 

 nave, separates the nave from the choir, and fre- 

 quently encloses the choir all round. Such choir- 

 screens are sometimes much ornamented, the lower 

 part lieing solid, and the upper very often per- 

 forated. The rood-screen (see Uoou) is that on 

 which most lalionr is usually bestowed. It derives 

 its name from the rood or cross which stands, or 

 in churches now Protestant once stood upon 

 it. The rood screen usually forms the division 



Rood-screen in Harbcrton Parish Church. 



l>etween the nave or transept and the choir. It 

 has generally an ornamental gateway in the centre. 



