328 



SE11V1A 



SERVICE 



of St Jmlith ; Culiranovirli (died 1650), author of 

 a celebrated masque, The Gijity Girl : Mencetich- 

 Vlaliovich (1457-I501 ) and I)i/irli (died 1510), 

 who both excelled in love-poems ; Lucich ( 1480- 

 1540), the ' father ' of tlie Ragusun drama ; 

 Yrtranich-Cavcich (1482-1576), who wrote several 

 mystery-plays ; Naljeskovich ( 1510-S7 ), author of 

 pastorals, comedies, and love-]Kienis; Jorjich ( 1676- 

 1737), who wrote (like gome others of the above 

 mentioned) in 1-utin, Italian, and Servian, in the 

 last-named tongue ehielly didactic and religious 

 poetry; and Kacich ftOonch (1690-1780), a very 

 popular writer of songs with a good deal of the 

 ring of the national poetry in them. 



When tin- Servians began to awaken, towards 

 the middle of the 18th century, to a renewal of 

 their national life, their literature liegan to revive 

 at the same time. The man who did most to bring 

 about this revival was Vuk Karadzich ( 1787-1864) : 

 he made the first collection (in 1814-15) of the 

 national songs of the Servians, the greatest liter- 

 ary treasure they possess, encouraged education, 

 codified the laws, collected the fairy-tales and 

 proverbs of his people, translated (1847) the New- 

 Testament into the Servian vnlgar tongue, effected 

 after a hard struggle a reform of the orthography, 

 pretMired a grammar and a dictionary of Servian, 

 and in fact converted the vulgar tongue into a liter- 

 ary language. The best edition of Vuk's Servian 

 Folksongs appeared in 6 vols. (1841-66) Several 

 of these have lieen translated into English by Sir 

 J. Bowring (Servian Poetry, 1827) and Lord Lytton 

 (Owen Meredith, Serbski I'esme, 1861), neither of 

 remarkable merit, and in another collection by Mrs 

 Miiatovics (Kotsovo, 1881); into German by Mrs 

 Robinson or 'Talvj' ( Volkslieder tier Serben, 1853); 

 and into Swedish, very well done, by Rnnebera 

 (1833). These national songs are the product of 

 different periods and of different, mostly unknown, 

 authors. Their chief themes are the deeds of the 

 national heroes and the occurrences of domestic 

 life. The former class are written in a uniform 

 metre of ten-syllabled trochaics, and are recited to 

 the accompaniment of a simple one-stringed lute. 

 The metre of the second class is varied ; they are 

 generally sung by a youth and a maiden. Vuk 

 Karadzich wast worthily seconded in his effort* 

 to rekindle the intellectual life of his people in 

 the spirit of patriotic love by Obradovich (1739- 

 1811), who like his compatriot travelled much in 

 Miutli IM-I Europe, but unlike him was a learned 

 man and a linguist : lie spent the whole of his life 

 labouring for the enlightenment of his people. One 

 of tin- greatest names in modern Servian literature 

 is Miliitinovii'li (1791-1847), who wrote poems, a 

 eulogy on Servia (Serbiitnka, 1828), a History of 

 Montenegro (1835), a History of Servia, 181S-15 

 (1837), and published a collection of national songs. 

 Raich (1720-1801), who wrote a good History of 

 the Servian People (1794-95); J. Porjovich ( 1806- 

 56), the author of lyrics and historical dramas; 

 Lazarevich, who wrote one of the best of Servian 

 drama* ( Vln,li,,iir tnnl Kusnra, 1829) ; J. Sul>otich 

 (1817-86), author of ,SYy//m;i Dcrhanxki (1846), 

 which has caught the spirit of the national poems ; 

 Radichevich (1724-1853), who has lieen called 'the 

 Servian Hums,' and Prince Peter II. (1813-51) of 

 Montenegro, the two most celebrated lyrists of 

 modern Servian literature ; and the Croat Prera- 

 dnvich (1818-72), author of popular lyrics and 

 epics, are the remaining writers of note. Towards 

 the middle of the 19th century an attempt was 

 made on the western side of the Balkan Peninsula 

 to create a sort of revival of the Hagnsan jieriod. 

 The centre of the new movement was Agram, and 

 its leader Dr Ljudevit Gaj ( 1809-72 ). It* strongest 

 feature was an aggressive sympathy with the 1'an 

 lavist agitation. The language in which the 



writers of this school composed was the Croato- 

 Sei \iaii dialect, but printed in Latin charaotei- ; 

 it wait, however, renamed Illyrian, chiefly for eth 

 nological and political reasons. Besides Gaj the 

 most iin|H)itant writers of this school were vraz 

 (1810-51), author of some Iteautiful lyrics; Vuko- 

 tinovich, who wrote lyrics and historical tales; 

 Bogovich, fiom whose pen came dramas, poem-, 

 and historical novels ; Ivan Mazuranich, whose 

 Death of Ismail Agha, the 'epic of hate,' is one of 

 the most popularpoems in Servian ; ami the poete 

 Tomasich and Irnski. Kukuljevich Sakcm.-ki 

 in the author of |>oems, dramas, stories, and M-I\ 

 valuable historical records of the southern Sla\>. 

 Danichich (1825-82) was a first-rate philologist. 

 Jagich and Novakovich have each written a good 

 History of Servian Literature. The chief literary 

 organ is the Glnsnik, published at Belgrade since 

 1 S47. In 1 880 the Agram Academy began a Critical 

 Servian Dictionary. 



See an article in the Weitmintter Kreiew for April 

 1878; Pypin and Spasovich, Getchichte dtr SlavucJten 

 Lileraturen (vol. i. 1880); A. Dozen, L'popee Serbe 

 (Paris, 1888); and Mijatovicn, Serbian Folklore ( Eug. 

 trans, by Denton, 1K74). 



Service (Pyms domestica, the Sorbus dome*- 

 I ifn of many uotaniste; see PYRUS), a tree of 

 rarely more than 30 feet in height, with leaves and 

 flowers like the Rowan Tree (q.v.), but the foimer 

 downy l>eneath. It is by many held to l>e merely 

 a variety of the rowan produced by cultivation 

 the chief distinction 

 between the two is 

 in the fruit, which in 

 the service is much 

 larger than in the 

 rowan, and shaped 

 like a small pear. 

 The service has found 

 a place in British 

 floras solely on the 

 strength, it appears, 

 of a single tree hav- 

 ing been found in the 

 foreM of \Vvre near 

 Bewilley, which in all 

 proluihilitv had hcen 

 planted where it 

 stands. On the con- 

 tinent of Europe and 

 in Russian Asia it 

 appears in company 

 with the rowan. It 

 is more cultivated in 

 Italy, Germany, and 

 France than in Service Tree (P>iru domtitiea), 

 Biitain. The tree is branch in flower: 



of very slow growth n, null, showing section. 

 and attains a great 



age. The timber is valuable, very heavy, fine- 

 grained, and susceptible of a high polish, possess- 

 ing a strength and durability which particularly 

 adapt it for some purposeful the machine-maker. 

 It is used also for making mathematical rulers, \c. 

 The name Wild Service is given to an allied 

 species, Pyriu torminii/is, also called the Sorb, a 

 common native of the middle and south of Eng- 

 land and of the middle and south of Europe a 

 small tree with a spotted fruit considerably larger 

 than that of the common hawthorn, which, like 

 the fruit of the true service, Ix'i-omes mellowed 

 and pleasant by keeping, and is regularly brought 

 to I he market in many parts of Europe. Large 

 quantities are brought to London from Hertford- 

 shire. The dried fruit is used in some places as a 

 cure for diarrhoea. The wood is highly valued. It 

 is hard and tough, yellowish white, with hrowuUk- 

 M-d and dark -brown streaks. 



