SETTE COMMUNI 



SETUBAL 



331 



fingers from tlie deeper structures, and is trans- 

 fixed by the seton-needle rather obliquely, so that 

 one of the openings shall be rather more dependent 

 than the other. The needle must pass somewhat 

 deeply through the subcutaneous tissue, as if it 

 passed immediately beneath the skin the latter 

 would probably slough over the whole track of the 

 wound. The inserted material should be smeared 

 with oil, and may l>e allowed to remain undisturbed 

 for four or live days, till there is a free discharge 

 of matter, after which a fresh portion should be 

 drawn daily through the wound. The word seton is 

 derived from the Latin seta, ' a hair,' because hairs 

 were originally employed as the inserted material. 

 Indeed at the present day it is the custom of many 

 of the nomadic tiil>es of central Asia to insert a hair 

 into the heels of their prisoners, which lames them 

 to such an extent as to prevent their escape. 



Sette C'oiiiiiiuni. See VICENZA. 



Setter, a breed of dog employed in shooting, 

 where he fills the same vocation as the pointer. 

 The setter is divided into three varieties the 

 English setter, the Gordon setter, which is native 

 to Scotland, and the Irish setter. There was also 

 at one time a variety known as the Welsh setter, 

 but it is now extinct, and probably never differed 

 widely from the English setter. As early as the 

 16th century the then Duke of Northumberland 

 owned a dog trained by himself to set game, an 

 idea soon followed by others. For many years, 

 however, the spaniel or any other suitable dog 





Setter, ' Heather Grouse.' 



was selected to train to the habit of setting game ; 

 and it is not until the beginning of the 19th 

 century that any reliable record of a distinct breed 

 of setting dogs can I*) found. The English setter 

 is bred from the spaniel probably by crossing with 

 the pointer. Though at one time setters were 

 known of nearly all colours, at the present time 

 the English setter is generally white with red 

 markings, or ticked with black spots known as 

 a 'blue Belton.' The late Mr Laverack of Man- 

 chester was greatly instrumental in placing the 

 breed on its present basis ; he founded a distinct 

 strain, known as Laverack setters, all bred fnun 

 one brace of dogs, a strain which has become 

 widely diffused. The Gordon setter wax founded 

 by the Duke of Gordon alxmt 1800, by crossing 

 the existing setter with a collie bitch which had 

 been trained to set. The Gordon was originally a 

 black, tan, and white dog, though white has gradu- 

 ally disappeared from the breed. The Gordon 

 setter should now be a rich and glossy black marked 

 with tan on face, chest, and legs. The origin of the 

 Irish setter is unknown, and it is hard to say 

 where the peculiar blood-red colour was obtained. 

 In conformation the three varieties differ very 

 slightly, though the Irish setter is a lighter and 



more leggy dog than the others. The setter 

 should be a smart and active dog, not built on too 

 heavy a scale ; chest very deep, though not wide ; 

 shoulders sloping back ; and with good strong 

 legs and feet. Each variety of the setter has its 

 admirers, and it is an undecided question which 

 is the best, or if any of them are superior to the 

 pointer. Though the setter can endure much more 

 fatigue and hard weather than the pointer, yet he 

 is more headstrong and requires repeated breaking. 

 The Irish setter is the chief sinner in this respect, 

 but is a splendid dog when properly broken. 



Settle, a little gray town in the West Riding of 

 Yorkshire, on the Kibble, and at the base of the 

 Castlebergh cliff (300 feet), 43 miles NW. of Leeds. 

 Dr liirkbeck was a native. Pop. of parish, 2213. 



Settle, ELKANAH, was born at Dunstable, 1st 

 February 1648. He entered Trinity College, Oxford, 

 at eighteen, but soon betook himself to London, to 

 make a living by his pen. In 1671 he made some- 

 thing of a hit by his tragedy of Cnmbyses, and the 

 Earl of Rochester and others, to annoy Dryden, 

 loudly hailed him as the superior genius of the two. 

 Rochester got his next tragedy, The Empress of 

 Morowo, played at Whitehall by the lords and 

 ladies of the court, and in this way a great run was 

 secured for it when it came l>efore the public. In 

 the insolence of success the author printed along 

 with it a Preface, in which Dryden was severely 

 assailed. In his great satire, Absalom and Achi- 

 tophel, Drvden scourged him with his scorn, and so 

 gave him immortality, if only as a shrieking ghost. 

 Having no real strength of talent, Settle speedily 

 relapsed into oWurity. By writing as poet for the 

 city verses for pageants and festivities, and pro- 

 ducing pieces to be acted in the booths of Bar- 

 tholomew Fair, the some-time rival of Dryden was 

 fain to eke out a wretched subsistence. In his 

 destitute age he was admitted to the Charterhouse, 

 where in 1723 he died, and his works followed, if 

 indeed they did not predecease him. 



Settlement, in English law, includes any deer), 

 will, or other instrument by which successive inter- 

 ests are created in the same property, the use or 

 income being given to one jwrson, while the corpus 

 of the pro|>erty is preserved for his successor. A 

 will is revocable in its nature ; a settlement made 

 by deed is irrevocable unless it contain an express 

 power of revocation. See the articles DISPOSI- 

 TION, ENTAIL, ESTATE, LAND LAWS, HUSBAND 

 AND WIFK; in the last of which the distinction 

 between ante-nuptial and post-nuptial settlements 

 is explained. In Scotland the term settlement 

 includes any general will or disposition to take 

 effect after death. In the United States settle- 

 ments other than marriage settlements are little in 

 use ; and marriage settlements are of less import- 

 ance, most of the states having long since adopted 

 the principle of the married women's property act. 

 A person is said to have a settlement in a parish 

 when by residence or otherwise he has acquired a 

 claim to be relieved out of the rates if destitute ; 

 see POOR-LAWS, p. 315. 



Settlement, ACT OF. See ELIZABETH (Queen 



of liuliemia). 



Set ii b;il (called by the English ST UBES), a 

 seaport of Portugal, stands on the north side of the 

 Bay of Setubal, 17 miles by rail SE. of Lisbon. The 

 harbour is protected by five forts. The town owes 

 its importance chiefly to its trade in wine, sea-salt, 

 and oranges, though fishing is carried on with 

 considerable activity. Setubal is the old Roman 

 Cetobriga. In 1755 it suffered severely from the 

 earthquake that devastated Lisbon. Pop. 14,798. 

 Pilgrimages are made to the monastery of Arrabida, 

 with its neighbouring stalactite cave. The poet 

 Bocage (see PORTUGAL, p. 341) was born at Setubal. 



