338 



SEVRES 



SEWAGE 



arches, but thin has been superseded by new water- 

 works constructed by Englishmen in 1883. Tin- 

 greatest ornament of the city is the vast Gothic 



cathedral, l-iiilt in 1401-1519 on the site of a 

 Moorixh mosque. It U one of the largest in Europe, 

 and contains valuable paintings liy Murillo ( a native 

 of Seville), Valdes Leal, I>e Vargas, and other 

 masten* ; magnificent Flemish st&ined glass of the 

 16th century ; one of the largest organs in tin- world ; 

 the tombs of King Ferdinand III. of Castile, Ferdi- 

 nand the son of Columbus, and other notabilities ; 

 and much most excellent artistic work in bronze, 

 wood-carving, and sculptured work. Close beside 

 the cathedral stand* the beautiful Campanile (q_.v.) 

 or bell tower called Giralda, 275 feet high, two-thirds 

 of it built by the Moorish Alm.Jns.snf .fakubin 1196; 

 the upper part, with it* lieaiitiful open work, dates 

 from 1568. The Giralda has twenty-twosweet-toned 

 bells. Both cathedral and tower were seriously 

 damaged by an earthquake in 1884. Another of 

 the glories of Seville is the Alcazar, or Moorish 

 royal palace, begun in the end of the 12th century, 

 and considerably enlarged and lieautilied by Peter 

 the Cruel ; its halls and gardens are surpassed only 

 by those of the Alhamhra. Amongst the other 

 interesting buildings and public institutions of the 

 city must be mentioned tne House of Pilate built 

 by a Spanish nobleman in 1533 in imitation of the 

 reputed pitlace of Pilate in Jerusalem ; the museum, 

 with masterpieces by Murillo, Zurliaran, Pacheco, 

 Valdes Leal, Herrera, and other artists of the 

 Seville school, as well as by Velasquez (also a 

 native of Seville); the charity hospital, with fine 

 pictures by Murillo and Valdes Leal ; the exchange, 

 built by Herrera in 1585, sheltering the valuable 

 archives of the Americas ; the university, which was 

 founded in 1254, though the present buildings were 

 erected in 1567; the palace (1697) of the arch- 

 bishop ; the Palace of San Telmo, founded as a 

 naval college by Columbus' son, but now a palace 

 of the Duke of Montpensier ; the bull-ring, which 

 can accommodate 18,000 spectators, being exceeded 

 in size by that of Madnd only ; and numerous 

 churches. 



There is considerable manufacturing industry, 

 especially in the production of cigars (a royal 

 factory employing 4000 work-people), iron, machin- 

 ery, pottery, cannon, silks, cottons, and various 

 minor commodities. An average of 129.~> vessels 

 of 327,650 tons burden enter the port every 

 year, and of this total fully one-third i- Spanish 

 and about one-fifth British. The import*", which 

 consist principally of chemicals, timber, textiles, 

 petroleum, machinery, coal, metals, spirits, fish, 

 haberdashery, tinplate, and furniture, average 

 1,152,900 per annum in value ; the first two items 

 make up nearly one half of the total. The exports, 

 consisting chielly of lead, quicksilver, wine, copper, 

 oranges, olives and olive-oil, and corks, range 

 from 708,900 (1889) to 1,043,973 (1888). Pop. 

 ( 187H) 133,938 ; ( 1887) 143.182. This city was the 

 Roman Hispalis, a place of trade in those da\ >. 

 Here two provincial synods of the church were 

 held, in 590 and 619, and a Spanish council in 7^J 

 From 712 to 1248 the city (Txhhi/ia) was an im- 

 portant Moorish town, usually the seat of an emir, 

 in more or less , ].,-,. dependence on the califs of 

 Cordova. When Ferdinand III. of Castile cap- 

 tared it ( 1248) :il..,nt 300,000 Moors abandoned the 

 place, and it wan a century or two In-fore it l>egan 

 to recover. Its second period of prosperity gradu- 

 ally closed in as Cadiz rose into importance. 

 Seville was the seat of the Spanish government in 

 1808-10, and giiflWed severely from Soult's troops 

 in 1810. The provinrf has an area of 6428 sq. m. 

 and a pop. ( 1887 ) of 543,944. 



Sevres, a small town of France, dept. Seine et 

 Oie, 10J miles SW. of Paris by rail, U celebrated 



for its manufacture of artistic porcelain (see 

 1'i'iTKRY), an industry carried on under state 

 eniitnil since 1756. The Sevres vases are of great 

 value and are known the world over. Painted glass 

 mill mosaic are also made. See the illn-nai.-.l 

 Soft Porcelain of Secret, with Historical Introduc- 

 tion by E. Gamier (8, 8s.; Lond. 1891). The 

 Porcelain Museum contains a large and curious 

 collection of articles in china and earthenware 

 from all parts of the globe. Pop. 7506. 



Sevres, DEUX-, a dept. in the west of France, 

 formed chiefly out of the ancient province of 

 Poitou. Area, 2315 sq. in.: pop. (ISllll .'f.VJ.-'vj. 

 It takes it- name from two rivers of the same 

 name, the Sevre-Niortaise, which Mows west into 

 the sea, and the Sevre-Nantaise, an affluent of the 

 Loire. The northern portion is taken up with the 

 woody plateau of Gatine. In other parts the soil 

 is fertile, yielding large crops of wheat, oats, 

 barley, potatoes, beet-root, colza seed, wine (nearly 

 3 million gallons annually ), and vegetables. The 

 mules and cattle are celebrated. Coal is mined, 

 and there are good quarries of freestone. The 

 principal industries are in cloth, leather, linen, 

 spirits, flannel, &c., but not to any very great 

 extent except in the first mimed. The arrondisse- 

 ments are Niort, Bressuire, Melle, and Parthenay. 

 Niort is the capital. 



Sewage, the materials conveyed by sewers. A 

 sewer under the existing sanitary acts is a duct 



C..|..<tiln IWI, 18*7, ud 

 1900 10 tic r.S. lit J. R. 

 Lipplaootl 



or channel used for conveying 

 away the sewage of two or mine 

 houses, as distinguished from a 

 drain, which is the duct or channel for the drainage 

 of one house only. Sewerage is the term applied to 

 the system of pipes and culverts and their append- 

 ages by which sewage is conveyed from populous 

 places. Sewage is composed of the refuse matter 

 other than the dry solids and vegetable debris 

 collected in towns. It consists of the liquid and 

 solid excrements of men and animals ; the washings 

 from the streets and slaughter -house.- : the waste 

 waters used in cleansing orations; the contents 

 of baths and the organic liquid refuse from some 

 manufactories, together at times with a quantity 

 of rainfall. 



In the separate system of sewerage it is assumed 

 that the rainfall, as far ait possible, shall be kept 

 separate from the ordinary sewage that is produced 

 in towns and villages. In order to entirely separate 

 rainfall from sewers two systems of drains are 

 requisite for every house, and as a result of the 

 expense the separate system is rarely carried to- 

 this extent ; but as much rainfall is excluded from 

 the sewers as conveniently can be separated. In 

 recent years it has been the practice, except in 

 very crowded districts, to carry out the separate 

 system, and generally the old sewers and channels, 

 more or less found in all towns, are utilised for 

 conveying away the rainfall falling upon the dis- 

 trict, while a new system of sewers is provided for 

 the express purpose of rapidly removing the sewage 

 proper with a portion of the rainfall that cannot be 

 conveniently excluded from the sewers. In streets 

 of great traffic, however, it is found that the liquids 

 flowing from the surface of the roads are as foul a 

 the foulest sewage, and consequently there is no 

 reason why this foul liquid should not be passed 

 directly into the sewers. There are other district* 

 (e.g. Longton) in which there exist connections 

 between the sewers for conveying the rainfall and 

 thus,, fur conveying the foul water, with a con- 

 nection so arranged that the small and impure 

 rainfall should pass into the sewers proper, while 

 the larger rainfalls leap over the opening into the 

 sewer and pass by the surface-water system to some 

 stream in the neighbourhood. 



