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Two engines of this kind, capable of raising to- 

 gether \\ million gallons per day, can be accommo- 

 dated in a chamber of 9 feet in diameter, which can 

 be constructed wholly below a public road ; and its 

 existence would be unsuspected, as the engines are 

 noiseless in their action and require very little 

 attention. The system has already lieen adopted 

 and ia at work in the districts of Friern Barnet, 

 K-lii-r. Thames Ditton, Long Ditton, and Margate, 

 and is being adopted by the authorities of other 

 towns both in Britain and in other countries. 



The Electrical System of Sewerage. This system, 

 sooner or later, is likely to come into operation in 

 towns, for the purpose of automatically pumping 

 the sewage. It has already been successfully used 

 in pumping water in mines, and it has been shown 

 to give more than double the duty that can ordin- 

 arily be secured by the use of air under pressure ; 

 so that there is no reason why, in towns in which 



electric lighting has been employed, the same ap- 

 paratus may not be used to transmit power for the 

 purposes of the automatic pumping of the sewage. 



For an electric or other plant is only really econo- 

 mical when it works continuously up to nearly 

 its full power ; and as sewage pumping is most 

 required in the daytime and electric lighting at 

 night, by combining the two this would lie effected 

 and a certain economy would result Electricity 

 has already been applied experimentally to the 

 purification of sewage, combining a chemical pre- 

 cipitating process with oxidising properties that 

 have been shown to purify sewage. 



See, of English workx, Krepp, The Sewage Question 

 (1867) ; Corfield, Treatment and Utilisation of Sewage 

 (1870 ; 2d ed. 1887) ; Scott Burn, Sanitary Science (1872) ; 

 Burke, Sewage Disposal (1872) ; Sanitary Engineering, 

 by the present writer (1873; new ed. 1878); Easrie, 

 Sanitary Arrangements (1874); Slagg, Sanitary Work 

 (1876) ; Robuuion and Melliss, Purification of Water- 

 tarried Sewage (1877); Carpenter, Preventive Medicine 

 (1877); Bailey Denton, Sanitary Engineering (1877); 

 books on plumber-work by Hellyer (1877) and Buchan 

 (1880; ai ed. 1889); Gulton, Healthy Dwellings (1880); 

 Robinson, Sewage Disposal (1882 ; 2d ed. 1888) ; Boul- 

 nois, Sanitary Engineer's Handbook (1885 ; 2<1 ed. 1892) ; 

 Reeves, Bad Drains (1885) ; Putnam, House Drainage 

 (1886) ; Isaac Shone, Drainage of the Houses of Parlia- 

 ment (1887); Santo Crimp, Sewage Disposal Works 

 (1890). Of American works, see Waring, Sanitary 

 Drainage (1876-91); Baylis, House Drainage (1879); 

 Adams, Sewers and Drains (1880) ; Philbrick, American 

 Sanitary engineering (1881); Gerhard, Drainage and 

 Sewerage (1884-90) ; Baumeister, Cleansing and Sewer- 

 ape of Cities (1891); Cady and I'ienton, The Separate 

 System of Sewerage (1891). Also the article HYGIENE. 



s<- a r<l. ANNA, the ' Swan of Lichfield,' was 

 born in 1747 at the rectory of Eyam in Derbyshire, 

 but lived from the age of .seven all her days at 

 Lichfield, where her father, himself n poet, became 

 a canon residentiary. Dr Darwin and Mr Day 

 were notable figures in the society of Lichfield ; 

 her dearest friend was Honora Sneyd, who married 

 Bdgwortb ; Dr Johnson, like the prophet of the 

 proverb, had more honour everywhere else than 

 among his own people. Mix Seward only escaped 

 a nearer connection with the lexicographer by the 

 death of her only surviving sister Sarah on the eve 

 of marriage with Lucy Porter's brother. Her own 

 father died in 1790, but she continued to live as 

 before in the bishop's palace, dear to her friends 

 and correspondents Mrs Piozzi, Hayley, Southey, 

 Scott And died 23d March 1809. She published 

 her poetical novel, Louisa, in 1782 ; her Sonnets in 

 1799 ; her Life of Dr Darwin in 1804 ; but bequeathed 

 to [Sir] Walter Scott the care of the collected edi- 

 tion other poems (3 vols. 1810). Her long-winded, 

 florid letters, on which she piqued herself even more 

 than her poems, were collected in six vol times (1811- 

 13). Boswell received from her 'some obliging 

 communications concerning Johnson,' but after his 



l'.i|.iriiln IBM. IW7, tod 

 1800 lu Ihr I . S. by J. B. 

 Llpplnootl Gomi>U.T. 



book was published quarrelled with her, accusing 

 her of malevolence towards his hero. Her monody 

 on Major Andre and an elegy on Captain Cook 

 were thought her best poems. In the letters she is 

 Johnsonian without strength, metaphorical beyond 

 all measure, feeble and absurd to a degree. Horace 

 Wai pole says of her and some other harmonious 

 virgins, ' Their thoughts and phrases are like their 

 gowns old remnants cut and turned.' 



Seward, WIU.IAM HENRY, a distinguished 

 American statesman, was Ixirii at Florida, Orange 

 county. X. Y.. May 16, 1801, 

 pailuated at Union College in 

 I vji i, was admitted to the bar in 

 1822, and thenceforth made his home at Auburn. 

 He early took an active interest in politics, and in 

 1827 presided over a young men's convention held 

 at Utica to advocate the re-election of John (juincv 

 Adams to the presidency. In 1830 he was elected, 

 as an anti-Mason, to tne state senate, where he 

 remained four years, leading the opposition to the 

 dominant Democratic party. In 1834 he was the 

 unsuccessful Whig candidate for the governorship 

 of the state of New York, but was elected to that 

 position in 1838, and again in 1840. A noteworthy 

 incident of his administration was a controversy 

 with the governor of Virginia in regard to three 

 negro seamen, whom the latter claimed as fugitives 

 from justice, on the charge of inciting a slave to 

 escape, and whom Governor Seward refused to sur- 

 render. Having declined a third nomination, he 

 was engaged from 1843 to 1849 in the practice of 

 his profession, being especially sought after in 

 criminal and patent cases. In 1847 he defended 

 John van Zandt, accused of aiding in the escape 

 of fugitive slaves, and incurred obloquy by his 

 defence of the negro murderer, Freeman, on the 

 plea of insanity. His argument in this case was 

 pronounced by Mr Gladstone ' the greatest forensic 

 effort in the English language.' Mr Seward con- 

 tinued to give active support to his party, while 

 at the same time making himself remarked as an 

 opponent of the pro-slavery policy. In a speech 

 against the admission of Texas into the Union 

 he said : ' To maintain the slave-holding power is 

 to subvert the constitution ; ' and at Cleveland, 

 during the campaign of 1848, he told his hearers, 

 in speaking of slavery : ' It must be abolished, and 

 you and I must do it.' In February 1849 he was 

 elected to the United States senate, where he 

 served two full terms, Inking re-elected in 1855. 

 He was much consulted by President Taylor, but 

 declined to be put on any important committee 

 lest his opinions on slavery should embarrass the 

 administration. In 1850, while urging the admis- 

 sion of California into the Union, he declared that 

 the national domain was devoted to lilierty, not 

 only by the constitution, but by ' a higher law 

 than the constitution' a phrase which became 

 famous. He opposed the Compromise Hill of 1850 ; 

 separated himself from those Whigs who followed 

 PresidentFillmoreinhispro slavery policy ; opposed 

 the Know-Nothing (q.v.) party: and on the forma- 

 tion of the Republican party became one of ite 

 leaders. His speeches in the senate on the repeal 

 of the Missouri Compromise and the admission ol 

 Kansas made a great impression, as did also an 

 address delivered at Rochester in 1858, in which 

 he spoke of the 'irrepressible conflict" between 

 freedom ami slavery. 



In 1860 Mr Seward was a candidate for the presi- 

 dential nomination, but on failing to receive it 

 gave his hearty support to Mr Lincoln, whose 

 cabinet he entered as Secretary of State, an office 

 which he held through two administrations, from 

 1861 to 1869. The civil war, which was in progress 

 during the first half of this period, rendered the 

 foreign relations of the United States unusually 



