SHAG 



SHAII-JEHAN 



(M> that he wan than a connection by marriage of 

 Lord Palmerston ) ; by her he had six sons and 

 foar daughters. He represented Dorchester ( 1830- 

 31), Dorset (18*3-46), and Hath from 1847 to 1851, 

 when he succeeded his father as earl. Among his 

 earliest efforts at philanthropic reform \\.i- the 

 promotion of two bills for the Regulation of 

 Lunatic Asylums and for the better Treatment of 

 Lunatics ( 1H4.">), which have been called the Magna 

 Charta of the liberties of the insane. He acted as 

 chairman of the Lunacy Commission from 1828 till 

 his death, a period of fifty-seven years. He took 

 much interest in the passing of an act (1840) to 

 prevent the employment of boy chimney-sweeps. 

 He worked unweariedly for fourteen years on be- 

 half of a bill limiting the hours of lalxnir of women 

 and young persons to ten hours a day, but it was 

 1847 ere a Ten Hours' Bill was passed, when it so 

 happened he was out of parliament. He would 

 not join Sir K. Peel's administration in 1841, 

 because that statesman refused to countenance 

 the Ten Hours' Bill ; but in 1846 he supported 

 Peel in his proposal to repeal the Corn Laws, an 

 action which cost him his seat for Dorsetshire. A 

 speech in connection with his Mines and Collieries 

 Bill (1842) was considered his greatest effort. In 

 1842 was passed an act for abolishing the appren- 

 ticeship in mines, and excluding women anil boys 

 under thirteen from working underground ; a Print- 

 works Act was passed in 1845 ; and he was chair- 

 man of the Commission of Inquiry which resulted 

 in the passing of the Factory Acts Extension 

 Act ( 1867 ) and the Workshop Regulation Act 

 (1867; consolidated 1878). In 1843 he joined the 

 Ragged School movement. Relinquishing society 

 ami all amnsementa, he gave the remainder of his 

 life to other beneficent schemes, and his time and 

 strength were exhausted by letters, interviews, 

 chairmanships, and speeches. To mention all the 

 religions and benevolent societies in which he was 

 interested would be to name the most prominent 

 and useful agencies for good of the present day. 

 Peabody's scheme for bettering the house accom- 

 modation of industrial London sprang from Shaftes- 

 bury's efforts in the same direction. He was the 

 adviser of Lord Palmerston in many important 

 church appointments, and was consulted oy the 

 Queen and Prince Consort. The freedom of Edin- 

 burgh was conferred upon him in 1878, and of 

 London in 1884. Active and vigorous to the last, 

 he died at Folkestone, October 1, 1885. Although 

 not a great orator, he spoke with neatness, force, 

 and precision. In religious matters he was an 

 out-and-out evangelical, and strenuously opposed 

 ritualism, rationalism, and socialism when divorced 

 from Christianity. 



See hit Speechet, with introduction by himself (1868), 

 and Hodder's Life and Work of tht Earl of Shafttibury 

 (STols. 1886). 



Sliag. See CORMORANT. 



Sliiiiirrrii. This term is applied to the skins 

 of sharks, rays, and other fish included in the order 

 Sclachia, whether they are artificially prepared or 

 not. These skins are furnished with a covering of 

 small nodules or grains of dentine, which is of a 

 hard nature and resists wear of the surface t>etter 

 than ordinary leather. In the shagreen used by 

 cabinet-makers for smoothing wood, the grains or 

 papilla; are sharp-pointed and closely set, but in the 

 case of the skins of allied species tnese grains are 

 comparatively flat and of different outlines. Such 

 skins, when prepared like parchment, dyed and 

 MinMit hed. present an attractive am>earance, and are 

 used for covering small caskets, boxes, cigar cases, 

 spectacle cases, and similar articles. Shagreen 

 was formerly a good deal employed for cover- 

 ing also watch cases, instrument cases, &c. The 

 auic shagreen (Persian lAghri, meaning the back 



of a beast of burden) is also, and perhaps was 

 originally, applied to the skint* or to portions of 

 the skins of horses, asses, and other iinimals pre- 

 pared by unhairing and scraping them. Kaeh piece 

 i* then Wretched on a frame, and while they are Mill 

 moist i ln> seeds of a species of CbaaOMdtaa are 

 sprinkled on the surface and forced in 1>\ means of 

 the feet or of a press. The skin is then left to dry, 

 and when the seeds are beaten out it has a pitted 

 appearance. It is next pared down with a knife 

 nearly to the bottom of these depressions, after 

 which it is macerated in water till the pits swell 

 and give the skin a pimpled appearance resembling 

 that of a shark. A steeiiing in a warm solution of 

 soda and afterwards in brine conipletes the dress- 

 ing, and it can then lie dyed. The covers of old 

 Persian manuscripts are made of this shagreen, 

 which is also used for horse- trappings and shoes 

 in the East. Wood has IMH-II embossed by a pro- 

 cess somewhat similar to the way leather shagreen 

 is mode. See EMBOSSIM:. 



SliAll (Persian, 'king,' 'monarch,' 'prince'), 

 the general title of the supreme ruler in Persia. 

 Afghanistan, and other countries of southern and 

 central Asia. The sovereign, however, may, and 

 outside of Persia frequently does, decline the title, 

 assuming in its place that of Klu'in (q.v. ), an in- 

 ferior and more common appellation. The same 

 title can also IK- assumed by the shah's sons, and 

 upon all the princes of the blood the cognomen 

 Snah-zada (' king's son') is bestowed. For Shah- 

 pur, see PKRSIA, Vol. VIII. p. 67 ; for Shah 

 Soojah, see AFGHANISTAN. 



Slialiabad, a town of Onde, 80 mil^s XW. of 

 Lucknow by rail, with a pop. of 18,510 only a 

 third of what it was in the 16th century. In I'M is 

 there was a savage riot here between Hindus and 

 Mussulmans at the Moharram festival. 



Shalljnliaiiniir, a town of British India, in 

 the North-west Provinces, stands 100 miles by rail 

 X\V. from Lucknow. It take it* name from Shah- 

 Jelmn, in whose reign it was founded in 1(117. It 

 was a hot lii-d of rebellion during the Mutiny of 

 !S."i7 ."is. Suj;ar is made and exported. Pop. 

 (1890) 77,690. -The district has an area of 1745 

 sq. in. and a pop. of 856,946. 



Sliali-.IHian. the fifth of the Mogul emperors 

 of Delhi, was during his father's reign employed 

 in military expeditions against the Rajputs, the 

 independent Mohammedan states of the Deecan, 

 and the Afghan tril>es around Kandahar, From 

 1623 he was in revolt against the Emperor Jahangir, 

 his father, and was still unreconciled at the latter's 

 death in 1627, when he was at once saluted as 

 emperor by the nobles. The chief events of his 

 reign were the war against the Deecan sovereigns, 

 which resulted in the complete destruction of the 

 kingdom of Ahmadnagar ( 1636), and the subjuga- 

 tion (1636) of those of Bijapur and Golconda ; an 

 indecisive contest against the Uzbeks of Balkh 

 ( 1645-47) ; attempts to recover Kandahar from the 

 Persians (1637, 1647-53), which, however, was 

 finally lost ; and a second successful war, con- 

 ducted by his sou Aurun^/elie. against the Deecan 

 princes 0655). lint in 1658 the emperor fell 

 dangerously ill, and his sons commenced to dispute 

 regarding the succession, ritimately Shah-Jehan 

 was taken prisoner by Aurungzel>e, and confined in 

 the citadel of Agra till liis death, Decemlier 1666. 

 This emperor administered strict justice, and was- 

 an able and capable ruler, and a clever financier. 

 The magnificence' of his court woo unequalled ; the 

 splendid 'peacock throne' was constructed by his 

 orders at a cost of nearly 7,000,000, and man^ 

 magnificent, public buildings executed under his 

 direction remain as monuments of his greatness. 

 Chief of these are the su]>erb Taj Afahal and 



