376 



SHAW NEKS 



SHECIUN AH 



and with pattern- in tlie style of those woven in 

 Caahmere. As many as 8000 looms were at one 

 time occupied in the weaving of these. Soon after 

 the middle of the century, however, the manufac- 

 ture Infill to decline, and for some years past no 

 shawls of this character have been woven. Tartan 

 shawls, but chielly of small size, for indoor or 

 occasional wear, are still made at several places in 

 Scotland. 



The change which has taken place during the 

 last quarter of a century in tin- nature of female 

 costume is remarkable. Tweed fabrics and other soft 

 woollen cloths of a plain character, similar to tlm-e 

 worn by men, have completely taken the place of 

 the richly-patterned shawls and plaid* of former 

 days. Even in a country like Persia, where, as has 

 been stated, shawl-stuff formed part of the attire 

 of both sexes, the characteristic native dress, so 

 long tenaciously adhered to, U gradually )>eiiig 

 abandoned for coats and other garments of Euro- 

 pean broadcloth. The time has at lost come when 

 the shawl - fabrics of Cashmere, which for many 

 centuries have never ceased to charm the female 

 world, are no longer in demand, and the art of 

 manufacturing them is in danger of becoming 

 lost. 



A few words may be said about the patterns of 

 Cashmere shawls, which have l>een placed by the 

 most distinguished 

 decorative artists of 

 modern times in the 

 highest order of art 

 manufacture. The 

 most characteristic 

 feature in a typical 

 dc-ign is what has 

 been usually called the 

 ' cone ' or ' pine cone," 

 of which a few varie- 

 ties are shown in the 

 annexed figures. It 

 appears, however, to 

 be really a conven- 

 tional representation 

 of a wind-bent cypress- 

 tree, as the term wiry, 

 the native name of 

 that tree, is also ap- 

 plied to this pattern or 

 part of a pattern. The form has many modifica- 

 tions, one or more of which often make up the 

 groundwork of the desijjns of other textile fabrics 

 both in India and Persia, and it even appears on 

 metal-work and papier-mache made in Cashmere. 

 Sometimes it is -imply called the shawl pattern. 

 It is, however, not merelv the graceful outline of 

 their ornamental devices, but also the harmonious 

 blending of their deep. toned colours, which gives a 

 singular charm to these exquisite productions of 

 eastern looms. 



Sliawnees, a tribe of American Indians of the 

 Algonqtdn family, formerly settled mainly in New 

 York. Pennsylvania, and Ohio, but driven west- 

 ward by the Inxjuois. They helped the French 

 against the Kngli-h, gave trouble to the newly, 

 founded Cnited States, and in IM'_' some hands 

 joined the English. They afterwards removed to 

 Missouri, Kansas, and Indian Territory. 



Shea Oak, or SIIK OAK. See CASUARINA. 

 For Shea Butter, see HrrrKK-TREE. 

 Shear-steel. See STKKI.. 

 Shearwater. genus of birds lielonging to 

 the petrel family, Proccllariid;e, included by Lin- 

 in the genus Procellaria, but separated l.y 

 Brwwm in 1760 as the genus Puffinns. These bird's 

 vary from 8J to 14 inches in length. The bill is 

 athcr longer than the head ; the mandibles are 



compressed and decurved : the nostrils open sepa- 

 rately, not by a common tube ; the wings are long 

 and pointed ; the legs are of moderate length : tlie 

 tar-i are compressed laterally ; the three toes in 

 front are webbed, and the hind toe i- very small. 

 The genus includes twenty or more specie-, ami i- 

 (..-inopolitan in its distribution. The shrarw;. 

 however, are exclusively oceanic s|>ecie8. Tliev 

 spend most of their time on the wing. and can 

 swim with great ease, but rarely if ever dive. 

 They are usually silent, but at their breeding- 

 grounds they utter soft agreeable notes. Theii 

 principal food is fish. A single while egg is laid 

 in a hole in the ground. The species found in the 

 British Isles are classified by Scclxilim ilms : 



Lores and upper f Snoty Shearwater (under part* uniform brown). 



as the crown Manx Shearwater l 



Du.Vy Shearwater , "^ * toche OT undCT - 



The Sooty Shearwater (Ptiffinus grisens) ha- Keen 

 found on the east and south coasts of England and 

 Ireland, and is generally distributed over the 

 North Atlantic, but has its breeding-grounds in the 

 southern hemisphere. The Great Shearwater (P. 

 inn j'li-) is common on the south coast of England, 

 but comparatively rare on the east coast. It 

 occurs rarely in Scotland and Ireland, and it visits 

 the south of Greenland. Southwards it extends to 

 Tierra del Fuego and to near the Cape of Good 

 Hope. Nothing is known of its nesting. The 

 Manx Shearwater (P. uiiijlnrnin) is common round 

 the British coasts and on the coasts of Norway 



The Manx Shearwater (Puffinit> anijlor 



and Iceland ami even Greenland. Southwards it 

 reaches the Mediterranean and the Black Se;i and 

 the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. 

 This species is nocturnal or crepuscular in habits 

 and dives freely. The DusUy Shearwater (P. 

 ulixi'iiriix) is a rare visitor to the Brili.-h Isles. It 

 frequents the Canaries, Madeiia, Bermudas, Ba- 

 hamas, and liarbadoes. It is a nocturnal species. 



Sheathing. See SHIPBUILDING. 



Sheave. See PULLEY. 



Sheba. See SAIMSANS. 



Sheheen (Irish), a term in use, c-pecially in 

 Ireland and Scotland, for a house wlierc intoxicat- 

 ing liquors (usually whisky) are sold without a 

 <. See LICENSING LAW s. 



SlieboVUail. a port, capital of Shehoygali 

 count >, \\isi-otisiii, on Lake Michigan, at the 

 mouth of the Sheboygan Kiver, 63 miles by rail 

 N. of Milwaukee. It has a good liarUmr, and con- 

 tains foundries, tanneries, breweries, and planing- 

 mills, and manufactures shoes, chairs, toys, &c. 

 Pop. (1880) 7314; (1890) 16,369. 



Sherhem. See NABLUS. 



Shcchi uah. See ARK OF THE COVENANT. 



