SHERBROOKE 



SHERIDAN 



391 



(1859), Bishop Neville's 15th-century hospital, and 

 the Yeatman memorial hospital (1863), with some 

 manufactures of lace, buttons, and silk. POD 

 (1861) 5523; (1891) 3741. 



Sherbrooke, a. city of Quebec, capital of Sher- 

 brooke county, at the junction of the rapid Magog 

 (with falls) and St Francis rivers, 168 mfles by rail 



busy factories ' "* 



Sherbrooke, LORD. The Right Hon. Robert 

 Lowe, Viscount Sherbropke, was born in 1811 at 

 Bingham, Notts, of which parish his father was 

 rector. He was educated at Winchester, and 

 University College, Oxford, of which he became a 

 fellow and tutor. Called to the bar in 1836, he 

 emigrated in 1842, and soon attained a lucrative 

 practice at the Sydney bar ; he also took a leading 

 part in the political life of the colony, ultimately 

 as member for Sydney. At home again in 1850, and 

 returned in 1852 for Kidderminster as an independ- 

 ent member with Conservative tendencies, he in 

 1853 took office under Lord Aberdeen, and in 1855 

 under Lord Palmerston. In 1859 he was returned 

 for the borough of Calne by the influence of the 

 Marquis of Lansdowne ; and he represented Lon- 

 don University from 1868 till he went to the Upper 

 House. During 1859-64 he was vice-president of 

 the Education Board (and virtual minister for 

 Education) in the second Palmerston administra- 

 tion, resigning in 1864, and introduced the Revised 

 Code of 1860, with its principle of 'payment by 

 results.' He largely contributed to ensure the 

 rejection of the Whig Reform Bill in 1866. He 

 was, with other 'Adullaniites,' offered a post in 

 the Derby government, but he declined to leave 

 the Liberal party, though in 1867 he was still an 

 opponent of all reduction of the suffrage. In 

 1868 hig feud with the Liberal party was for- 

 eotten in the strenuous aid he gave the Liberal 

 leaders in carrying the disestablishment of the 

 Irish Church. Accordingly he obtained in Mr 

 Gladstone's Liberal ministry the office of Chan- 

 cellor of the Exchequer ; exchanging it in 1873 for 

 that of Home Secretary. As Chancellor of the 

 Exchequer, his proposal of a tax on matches was 

 very unpopular; but the annual surpluses were 

 large almost beyond example. He exerted him- 

 self to keep down the public expenditure ; and his 

 curt treatment of all claimants of public money 

 brought odium upon him. In acuteness and 

 cogency of argument he had hardly an equal. In 

 education he opposed the once exclusive study of 

 the classics. An LL.D. of Edinburgh D.C.L. of 

 Oxford, in 1880 he went to the Upper House as 

 Viscount Sherbrooke. He published a volume of 

 poems (Poems of a Life) in 1884 ; and he died 27th 

 July 1892, at Warlingham, Surrey. See his Life 

 by A. Patchett Martin (2 vols. 1893). 

 Shere All. See AFGHANISTAN. 

 Sheridan, PHILIP HENRY, general, was born in 

 Albany, New York, March 6, 1831, a few weeks 

 after the arrival of his Irish ^, J , ) , I>1 lan lm . 

 parents in the New World. iod i me u.s. b,'j. B. 

 After attending a public school L1 """ cn>pr. 

 in Ohio, to which state the family removed soon 

 after his birth, he was employed for a time as a shop- 

 boy. In July 1848 he was appointed a cadet at 

 West Point, graduated in 1853, and was appointed 

 a brevet second-lieutenant in the Third Infantry. 

 In May 1861 lie was a captain in the Thirteenth 

 Infantry, and in December of that year he was 

 made chief quartermaster of the army in south- 

 western Missouri. In April 1862 he became chief 

 quartermaster under General Halleck ; but in May 

 fie was given a regiment of cavalry (the Second 

 Michigan), and, being now in his proper sphere, 

 did such excellent work that he was soon pro- 



moted to the command of a brigade, and then 

 to a division of the Army of the Ohio. In the 

 battle of Perryville (8th October), and still more 

 in the battle of Stone River (Murfreesboro'), which 

 ended on 3d January 1863, and where his division 

 lost over 1600 men, he performed brilliant services, 

 and earned his promotion to major-general of 

 volunteers. He took part in the severe battle of 

 Chickamauga, from which field the Northern army 

 fell back within the defences of Chattanooga, and 

 there, serving now under the immediate command ' 

 of General Grant, he was engaged in all the 

 operations of the campaign that followed, gaining 

 especial credit for the dash and gallantry with 

 which his division drove the enemy up the slope 

 and over the summit of Mission Ridge. Soon 

 afterwards transferred to Virginia, in April 1864 he 

 was given command of all the cavalry of the Army 

 of the Potomac, took part in the battle of the 

 Wilderness, and made a notable raid (May 9-25) 

 on the Confederate lines of communication with 

 Richmond, advancing to the outer defences of that 

 city, cutting railroads, destroying depots, and on 

 the llth defeating the enemy's cavalry at Yellow 

 Tavern with the loss of their commander, General 

 Stuart. In the same month he was first into Cold 

 Harbor, and in June took part in the heavy battle 

 there, ami fought a number of cavalry actions, with 

 a dash and skill that attracted the admiration of 

 Grant, who in August gave Sheridan the command 

 of the army of the Shenandoah, consisting of two 

 cavalry divisions, commanded by Torbert and Wil- 

 son. The task set him was to drive the Confederates 

 out of the Shenandoah Valley and to close this gate 

 to Pennsylvaniaand Maryland. In September he at- 

 tacked the enemy under General Early, drove them 

 beyond Winchester, and captured 5000 prisoners 

 and 5 guns ; he dislodged Early from Fisher's Hill, 

 where he had halted, and pursued him through 

 Harrisburg and Stannton ; and then retired to Win- 

 chester, burning grain and forage as he passed. 

 These battles made him a brigadier-general in the 

 regular army. But Early's army, being largely 

 reinforced by General Lee, again appeared in the 

 Shenandoah Valley, and on October 19, advancing 

 under cover of fog and darkness, succeeded in sur- 

 prising the Northern army and driving it back in 

 confusion. Sheridan had been in Washington, and 

 at this time was at Winchester, twenty miles away. 

 Hearing the guns, he put his horse to its speed, and 

 arrived on the field by ten o'clock, waving his hat 

 and shouting to the retreating troops, ' Face the 

 other way, boys; we are going back.' His unex- 

 pected appearance restored confidence, the lines 

 were re-formed, and a serious defeat was suddenly 

 converted into a great victory. The enemy's left 

 was soon routed, the rest shared their fate, and 

 the Confederates were again, and finally, driven 

 from the valley, which Sheridan, by Grant's orders, 

 now devastated. For Winchester he was promoted 

 to major-general and received the thanks of con- 

 gress, and Grant's armies fired a salute of 100 guns 

 in honour of the victory. 



Henceforward Shendan fought always under 

 Grant's direct command, and took an active part 

 in the final battles which led to Lee's surrender 

 at Appomattox Court-house, April 9, 1865. His 

 ability as a general was nowhere l>etter displayed 

 than in the action at Dinwiddie Court-house and 

 the assault of Five Forks in March and April, 

 which drove Lee from Petersburg and Richmond. 

 After the war Sheridan was placed in command of 

 the military division of the Gulf, and later of the 

 department of the Missouri. When Grant became 

 president of the United States General Sherman 

 was made general-in-chief and Sheridan promoted 

 to lieutenant-general. In 1870 the latter visited 

 Europe to witness the conduct of the Franco- 



