SHIRWA 



SHODDY 



413 



Shirwa, a lake of south-east Africa, 45 miles 

 SE. of Lake Nyassa ; length, 40 miles ; breadth, 

 15 to 20 miles ; and 1970 feet above the sea-level. 

 On the west, between the lake and the river Shire, 

 Monnt Zomba rises to 7000 feet. It was proved by 

 Consul O'Neill in 1884 to have no connection with 

 the river Lujenda, a right-hand tributary of the 

 Rovuma. See Proc. Boy. Geog. Soc. (1883-84-88). 



Sllixlra. a town of Russia, 80 miles S\V. of 

 Kaluga, ou a branch of the Oka. Pop. 11,678. 



Shishak (in hieroglyphs, Shashank, the Susak 

 or Stifakim of the Septuagint, the Shishak of the 

 Hebrew version, the Sesonchosis or Sesonchis of 

 Manetho), the name of several monarchs of the 

 22d or Bubastite Egyptian dynasty (see EGYPT, 

 Vol. IV. p. 240). Shishak " I. 's name is found 

 in the portico built by the Bubastite dynasty at 

 the great temple of Karnak, and on several 

 statues of the jjoddess Pasht, which probably came 

 from Luxor. Jeroboam fled to Shishak from the 

 pursuit of Solomon, who wished to kill him, and 

 lived there during the lifetime of Solomon. On 

 the death of this monarch Jeroboam quitted 

 Egypt, and contended with Rehoboam for the pos- 

 session of the crown. This struggle caused the 

 division of the kingdom of David into two states, 

 that of Israel ana Judith. In the fifth year of 

 Rehoboam Shishak marched to Jerusalem with 

 an army of 12,000 chariot*, 60,000 cavalry, and an 

 innumerable number of infantry, composed of Trog- 

 lodytes, Libyans, and Ethiopians. He took the 

 city, the treasures of the temple, and all the gold 

 bucklers which Solomon had made. The conquest 

 of Jerusalem is found recorded on the monuments 

 of Karnak, on which Shishak I. is represented 

 dragging before the god Ammon three files of 

 prisoners, inscribed with various names of places, 

 amongst which are Jndxa, Megiddo, Ajalon, 

 Mahanaim, and other towns taken by Shishak in 

 his line of march. 



Nhittim-wood, the name in the Old Testa- 

 ment for a valuable and durable wood, believed to 

 be that of some kind of acacia probably the 

 Acacia teyal. 



Shoa. a country of Africa, lying to the south of 

 Abyssinia proper, and watered by the Blue Nile 

 and the Hawash, but usually accounted one of 

 the three divisions of the Abyssinian state. Area, 

 approximately 26,000 sq. m. In physical char- 

 acteristics it closely resembles the rest of Abys- 

 sinia (q.v.). The highest point in the Giiraghe 

 Mountains reaches 12,790 feet. The people, who 

 are partly Abyssinian* and partly Gallas, number 

 about It million. The present capital is Licheh 

 (pop. 3000); but the most important place is the 

 former capital, Ankobar (q.v.). This country was 

 conquered by King Theodore of Abyssinia shortly 

 after his accession (1835). On the death of Theo- 

 dore's successor (John II.) in 1889 the king of 

 Shoa, Menelek, was made king of all Abyssinia ; 

 and Shoa, like the rest of Abyssinia, is now in 

 many particulars an Italian protectorate. 



Shock. It is well known that some forms of 

 injury, as, for example, a blow on the pit of the 

 stomach, may occasion death without leaving any 

 visible trace of their operation in the body ; and, 

 indeed, life may occasionally lie destroyed even by 

 sudden and powerful mental emotions. In such 

 cases as these death is said to result from shock, 

 the actual cause of death l>eing the sudden arrest 

 of tin: heart's action, consequent on the violent dis- 

 turbance given to the nervous system. The effects 

 of shock may be manifested in all degrees from the 

 transient feeling of faintness (see FAINTING) or 

 sickness produced by a sudden emotion, or an un- 

 expected and unpleasant sight, &c. , to the disastrous 

 result aliove described. In caaes of moderate 



severity the condition known as collapse is induced, 

 in which the patient lies in a state of utter prostra- 

 tion, and apparently on the verge of dissolution. 

 The face, and even the lips, are pale and bloodless ; 

 the skin is cold and clammy, and drops of sweat 

 are often seen on the forehead. The features are 

 contracted, and there is great languor in the 

 general expression. There is extreme muscular 

 debility, and the sphincter muscles sometimes 

 relax, so that there is involuntary discharge of the 

 contents of the bowels and the bladder. The pulse 

 is quick, and so feeble as often to be almost imper- 

 ceptible, and the respiratory movements are short 

 and weak, or panting and gasping. The patient is 

 in some cases oewildered and incoherent, in others 

 drowsy, and sometimes almost insensible. In less 

 severe cases nausea and vomiting, with hiccup, are 

 not unfrequent symptoms ; and in the case of chil- 

 dren convulsions are often present. 



When a person recovers from a state of collapse 

 he passes into a condition termed reaction, which 

 often lasts for several hours. The first symptoms 

 of this favourable change are improvements in the 

 state of the pulse and the respiratory actions, 

 recovery of the power of swallowing, an increased 

 temperature, and an inclination to move from the 

 supine position to one side. A slight degree of 

 feverishnesB then often ensues, after which the 

 skin becomes moist, the patient falls asleep, and 

 awakes convalescent. As a general rule, the longer 

 the symptoms of reaction are delayed the greater 

 is the danger, and if several hours pass without any 

 sign of the commencement of reaction there is 

 little hope of recovery. 



The principal causes of shock in its severer forms 

 are sndden and severe or extensive injuries, 

 whether due to accident or operation, particularly 

 if they involve any of the viscera, joints, or other 

 organs abundantly supplied with nerves. ' Pain 

 alone, when intense and protracted, has proved 

 fatal in this way ; and it appears in a case related 

 by Sir A. Cooper that sudden relief from great 

 agony was attended by the same untoward result. 

 Certain poisons operate in this manner, depressing 

 the system so suddenly and severely as to produce 

 a state of collapse ; tobacco, for example ; and 

 drastic purgatives have in some cases induced a 

 .similar condition.' 



The effects of shock are aggravated by loss of 

 blood ; and haemorrhage alone, if sudden and pro- 

 fuse, will product- collapse. General debility and 

 old age favour the influence of the shock, and much 

 depends upon the idiosyncrasy of the patient ; an 

 injury which will produce no apparent effect on 

 one man often producing a serious and persistent 

 impression on another. 



The following are the most important points in 

 regard to treatment : The patient should be kept in 

 a horizontal position, with the head on the same 

 level as the body, and he should not be raised till 

 decided symptoms of reaction appear. The best 

 stimulant is brandy, in moderate and carefully 

 regulated doses, given in the form of hot brandy 

 and water. At the same time heat should be 

 applied to the pit of the stomach and the ex- 

 tremities, by means of hot flannel, hot-water tins, 

 or, in their absence, bottles containing hot water, 

 and other appliances. Nourishment, in the form 

 of beef-tea, should closely follow the stimulants; 

 the two may be combined with the greatest advan- 

 tage, and as the system rallies the latter may be 

 entirely replaced by the former. See Holmes's 

 System of Surgery. 



Shoddy (a provincial word, 'that which is 

 shed ' ) formerly meant only the waste arising from 

 the manufacture of wool, but it has acquired 

 a witler and much more important signification. 

 Clippings of woollen and worsted stuffs and rags of 



