414 



SHOEBILL 



SHORTHAND 



any kind of fabric made of wool are now carefully 

 utilised. Cutting^ <>f i' flannels, \\orsted cloths, 

 and knitted textiles receive the imine of newshodity, 

 and when article* made of these are worn out tliey 

 are termed old thodtlij. On tin- other hand tailors' 

 clippings of milled cloths are calle<l nfir iniiniin, 

 while tne material of old clothes and rags of this 

 woollen cloth is styled nlil mungo. Both shoddy 

 and mungo, which were formerly, to a large extent 

 at least, waste materials, are now ' ground up ' OB 

 it U termed Le. they are put into a machine with 

 a revolving cylinder armed with iron spikes ami 

 having toothed rollers moving in an opposite direc- 

 ti'in. This trill i/ or devil, as it is called, reduces 

 the rags or clippings to short wool, which, when 

 cleaned, oiled, and mixed with Rome fresh wool, is 

 remannfactiired into iniiny different kinds of cheap 

 fabrics, such as rugs, druggets, friezes, flannels, 

 inferior milled cloths, &c. These, though service- 

 able while they last, are of course not so durable 

 as when made of new wool. See RAQS, and WOOL. 



Shoebill. See 1; \ i i M<-i.r-. 



Shoe-blacking. See BLACKING. 



SlKM'bliryness, on the coast of Essex, and at 

 the mouth Of the Thaim-n, faces the Nore, 3 miles 

 }'.. of Southend and 45 of London. Its dreary 

 marshland, purchased by government in 1842-55, 

 has since been the seat of a school of gunnery, with 

 artillery barracks, batteries, targets, and other 

 appliances for experimenting on cannon. See 

 GUNNEKY. 



Shoes. See. BOOTS AND SHOES, HORSESHOEING. 



Sliola. or SOLA, the white pith of the legumin- 

 ous plant sKsc/iyiiuincne as/>erii, a native of India. 

 With this substance, which is exceedingly light, the 

 natives of India make a great variety of useful 

 articles, especially hats, which being very light and 

 cool are in great request. Helmets made of shola 

 are much n-.-.l by the British in India. 



Sliol;i|Mir. 11 town of British India, presidency 

 of lioinliay, 150 miles by rail SE. of Poona, witli 

 important silk ami cotton manufactures. An old 

 fort and mined walls (in part) still exist. 1'op. 

 (181) 61,915. The ,ll.ilri,-t has an area of 4542 

 H|. in. and u pop. of 750,689. 

 _ Shooter's Hill, an eminence (446 feet) in 

 Kent, near Greenwich and Woolwich, which com- 

 mands a splendid view of London. 



Shouting. See (Jrx, (JAMB-LAWS, POACHING, 



GIMI SK, DEEK-KOKESTS, BATTUE, PIGEON, &c. 



Shore. Sec SEA.SHOKE. 



Shore. -I ASK. the famous mistress of Edward 

 IV., was IMH-II in Lomlon, and was well brought up, 

 and married at an early age t<> William Shore, au 

 honest citizen, traditionally a goldsmith. After 

 her intrigue with the Idog began her husband 

 abandoned her, but she lived till Edward's death 

 in the greatest luxury, enjoying great power 

 through liis favour, yet 'never abusing it,' as More 

 tells us, ' to any man's hurt, but to many a man's 

 comfort .and relief.' Her beauty was more that of 

 expression than of feature, and her cheeks some 

 what pale, yet her face was fair beyond others, and 

 ' there was nothing in her body that you would have 

 changed, hut if you had wished her somewhat 

 higher.' But her greatest charm was her bright 

 and playful wit. After the king's death she lived 

 under the protection <pf Hastings, and <m his death, 

 it is suid, of the Mar.|iii- of Dorset; but King 

 Richard III., out of a pretended zeal for virtue and 

 to make his brother's life odious, plundered her 

 house of more than two thousand merits, and caused 

 the Bishop of London to make her walk in open 

 penance, tii|HT in hand, dressed only in her kill le. 

 More tells us that Itichard had first tried to charge 

 lier with bewitching him, literally rather than in 



the sense in which she had done his brother, and 

 the reader will remenilier the use that Shakesiieare 

 has made of this in his tragedy of Richard III. 

 Jane Shore survived her ]>enance more than forty 

 years, dying in the 18th year of Henry VIII. The 

 additional horrors that she died in a ditch since 

 called Shoreditclt, and that a man was hanged for 

 succouring her contrary to Kichard's command, 

 are completely unhistorical, however positive their 

 ballad authority. 



Percy printed from the Pepys collection ' The woefnll 

 lamentation of Jane Shore,' in wretched doggerel, as- 

 cribed to Thomas Deloney. Thomas Churchyard also 

 wrote a poor ballad on the story, inserted in the Mirror 

 for Mayutrattt, and Drayton has in his Enijlarufi Hcro- t 

 teal Kpittta one from her to her royal lover, with a prose 

 description of her beauty in the notes. Deloney's ballad 

 i* printed also in the Collection of Old Ballad* (1723). 

 with a miserable burlesque song on the same subject. 



See 'Some Particulars of the Life of Jane Shore,' by 

 Mark Noble, in Brayley's Gra/i/ii<- llltutralor ( 1SH4 ) ; and 

 Sir Thomas More's fine picture in his History of Richard 

 III. Nicholas Howe's drama dates from 1714. 



Shoreditrll, a parliamentary borough of East 

 London, returning two members one for II 

 ston and one for Hoxton. See TOWER HAMLETS, 

 and LIIXIMIX. 



Shoreham, NEW, a seaport of Sussex, at the 

 mouth of the Adur, 6 miles W. of Brighton. It 

 arose when the harbour of Old Shoreham. now 

 a mile inland, became silted up; and it has some 

 shipbuilding, oyster and other fisheries, and a con- 

 siderable trade with France from its tidal harbour, 

 whose piers were erected in 1819. Charles II. em- 

 barked here after Worcester for Normandy. The 

 suspension bridge (1833), the Norman and Early 

 English parish church, and a place of resort, the 

 'S wiss Gardens,' may be noticed. The parliament- 

 ary borough of New Shoreham, including since 

 1770 the Rape of Bramber (177 sq. m. and 42,442 

 inhabitants in 1881), and returning two members, 

 was merged in the county in 1885. Pop. of parish 

 (1851)2590; (1891)3393. 



ShoriH'littV, in Kent, 21 miles W. of Folke- 

 stone, the seat of a military camp dining the 

 Peninsular war, and since the Crimean war of a 

 permanent one for 5000 men. 



Shorthand. The problem which inventors of 

 systems of .shorthand have attempted to solve is 

 thus formulated by Peter Bales (c. 1547-1610), a 

 writing-master and stenographer ' to write as fast 

 as a man speaketh treatably.' 'This,' he MU -, 

 'may in appearance seem difficult; but it is in 

 effect very nu-y, containing a many commodities 

 under a few principles, the shortness whereof is 

 attained by memory, and swiftness by practice, 

 and sweetness by industry.' Although thtce 

 hundred years have elapsed since this assertion 

 was made, it has not yet been realised to the 

 extent anticipated. 



1'honograpliy is a growth of the age, and is the 

 lineal descendant of tne !SX) different systems that 

 have been published since the appearance of the 

 first system of modern shorthand in 1588. It 

 carries out fully the principle which all previous 

 systems acknowledge, but do not faithfully apply 

 viz. that of enlarging the ordinary 28-letter 

 alphabet. Those systems add to the alphabet 

 three signs for ch, th, and sh ; but these are not 

 all the consonants in which our alphabet is de- 

 ficient. Two signs are required for th, as pro- 

 nounced in thin and then, one for ng in sing, and 

 one for zA. in pleasure (plczhure). But the prin- 

 cipal defect in the ordinary systems of snort 

 hand is in their vowel notation. They contain 

 but five signs for the five vowels, a, e, ( o, it, 

 which, single and combined, represent 17 different 

 sounds. This disparity between the sounds of the 



