SHORTHAND 



SHOSHONG 



417 



ami small angular marks ; the upright stroke to 

 which they are placed (the shorthand letter t) is 

 introduced to show the position in which the vowel- 

 sign is written with respect to all consonants. 

 These 17 vowel-signs may DC distributed into three 

 classes, all the sounds in each class having a common 

 characteristic ; thus : 



Cleat 1. Ah, a ; an, 6 ; ei, ai, oi = 7, in each of 

 which, except ei, the broad sound of aft or aw is heard. 



Clam 2. Eh, 8; oh, u = 4, intermediate sounds 

 between ah and ee, and between aw and oo. 



Clou 3. Ee, I ; oo, do ; eu, ou = 6, in each of which 

 the close ee or clone oo predominates. 



By adding a hook or small circle to the con- 

 sonants, by halving, and by lengthening, double 

 and treble letters are produced on the following 

 plan : 



Straight Linet. 



Curves. 



\\ NX N \, \\o \ \ 



p pi pr sp spr pf pn pa pna pt 



n nl nr sn nn ns nt ntr 



This principle is applicable to all the consonants, 

 and conduces to the brevity of the system. 



The shorthand letters, both vowels and conson- 

 ants, are employed first as component parts of 

 words, and secondly each letter is made the repre- 

 sentative of some common word in which the letter 

 is prominently heard ; thus \ p represents up, 



| t stands for it, / ch for which, k for come, 



\ 66 for to, &c. 



The most frequently occurring words, the, and, 

 of, in, to, &c., are selected for this distinction, and 

 are called grammalognes, or letter-words; and the 

 shorthand letters when thus employed are logo- 

 grams or word-letters. In the ' learners' style ' of 

 phonography only 50 grammalognes are used ; in 

 the ordinary or 'corresponding style" there are 



on common 



the 



word becomes a grammalogue on the principle of 



omitting ita vowel and writing the consonant form 



in position with respect to trie line, above, on, or 



below, to denote a vowel of the first, second, or 



third class. 



A remarkable impetns has been given to the 

 general cultivation of shorthand by the celebra- 

 tion of the tercentenary of Bright* system and 

 the jubilee of Pitman's phonography at the first 

 International .Shorthand Congress, held in London 

 in 1887, followed by the introduction of shorthand 

 as a subject to be taught in elementary schools 

 and technical classes in Great Britain. The second 

 congress was held at Paris in 1889. Many systems 

 are used by French writers, the best known being 

 tin KB of Prevost (based on Taylor) and Duploye, 

 in which the vowels are joined to the consonants. 

 The third congress, at Munich in 1890, included 

 special gatherings of disciples of Gabelsberger, 

 whose system a script one, having the slope of 

 ordinary longhand is largely used in Germany, 

 Austria, Hungary, Sweden, Denmark, and Italy. 

 The fourth congress, held at Berlin in 1891, in- 

 cluded a special gathering of writers of the Stolze 

 school ( a modification of Gabelsberger), extensively 

 employed in north Germany. In the United 

 States and Canada several persons have published 

 Mr Pitman's phonography. Benn Pitman, a 

 brother of the inventor, and A. J. Graham pub- 

 lished the English phonography of 1856, when the 

 old vowel scale was used, and have introduced 

 443 



slight modifications of some parts of the system. 

 In 1858 the vocalisation was changed to that at 

 present used, which J. E. Munson and Longley 

 have adopted, and which introduced some very 

 slight changes in one or two consonants that they 

 might secure copyright in America. 



Pitman's phonography was adapted to the 

 Japanese language in 1879, and is employed for 

 reporting the Diet. It has also been adapted to 

 the Hindu and Malagasy languages, and adapta- 

 tions to the Welsh, French, Italian, German, 

 Dutch, and Spanish languages appeared between 

 1887 and 1892. 



See Isaac Pitman's Phonographic Teacher, and his 

 History of Shorthand (3d ed. 18!ll ), which describes the 

 ancient systems and 250 English systems; Thomas 

 Anderson's Hitory of Shorthand ( 1882 ), including the 

 Continental and leading English systems, and his Short- 

 hand Syftfnu (1884); and works by Dr Westby-Gibson 

 (1882), J. E. Rockwell, J. W. Zeibig (Dresden, 1878), 

 and H. Moser (Leip. 1889 et ?.). 



Shorthouse, JOHN HENRY, was born at Bir- 

 mingham in 1834, was educated at private schools, 

 and settled as a manufacturer in his native 

 city. In 1881 the extraordinary popularity of his 

 romance, John Ingletant (previously printed for. 

 private circulation), carried his name over Eng- 

 land. The book was written in fine, delicate 

 English, and revealed a subtle and sympathetic 

 insight into old-world phases of the spintual mind, 

 but was invertebrate in structure, its second half 

 at any rate anything rather than a novel. It was 

 followed by The Little Schoolmaster Mark: a 

 Spiritual Romance ( 1883-84) ; Sir Percinal: a Story 

 of the Pant and the Present (1886) ; A Teacher of 

 the Violin (1888); The Countess Eve (1888); and 

 Blanche, Lady Falaise (1891). These stories all 

 lack substance, his figures being more shadows than 

 men and women, but the style, though in later 

 books somewhat over-refined, continues to please 

 his admirers. He has contributed a few articles 

 to the magazines, and wrote the article on George 

 Herbert in the present work. 



Short-sightedness. See EYE, p. 515. 



Shoshone Falls (pron. Shoshonee'), on the 

 Snake (q.v.) River, in southern Idaho, about 950 

 feet wide, and with a clear leap of 210 feet (that of 

 Niagara is under 170 feet). The river runs in a 

 deep gorge between walls of volcanic rock, 1000 

 feet high at the foot of the falls, and the head of 

 the falls is in the form of a semicircle. Four 

 miles higher up are the Little Shoshone Falls, 

 two nearly equal cataracts divided by a great 

 rock, and falling 182 feet. See the Century 

 Magazine, April 1890. 



SlioslloiH-s. a family of American Indians (see 

 Vol. I. p. 226), also known as Snakes, living, since 

 1805 at least, to the west of the Rocky Mountains ; 

 they are now on three reservations, two in Idaho 

 (over 2100), one in Wyoming (900) and scattered 

 through Nevada, Utah, and north-western Idaho 

 (perhaps 1400 altogether). Missions have l>een 

 started by the Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, 

 and others. Though most are inoffensive, some of 

 the bands are fierce and warlike, and hostilities 

 ceased only in 1867, after an expedition had 

 destroyed a great part of their braves and stores. 



Shoshong, capital of Khama, chief of the 

 Bamangwato in the Bechuanaland protectorate, 

 near the telegraph and projected railway to 

 Mashonaland, was in 1892 superseded by Palapwe 

 (or Palapye), 60 miles to the NE. Shoshong, now 

 deserted by most of its population, was long the 

 largest native town in South Africa, and a great 

 trade centre, being on the trade route to the coast 

 MM the farther interior to Matabeleland, the 

 Zambesi, and Lake Ngami. The exports of the 



