418 



SHOT 



SHOULDER-JOINT 



region are chiefly ostrich-feathers, ivory, and skins ; 

 Manchester piece-gixds and Sheffield Hardware are 

 among the imports. Pop. variously stated at L'IMKI 

 to 5000 much reduced of late. 



Shot is the term applied to all solid projectiles 

 fired from any sort of firearms ; those for cjiiinon 

 and machine guns l*ing of cast-iron or steel, thotie 

 for small-arm* of lead. Solid shot of more than 



3 Ib. weight are no longer used as artillery pro- 

 jectile* except where the armament is obsolete 

 (smooth bore or Armstrong guns). Even the Pal- 

 li-'-r chilled shot for piercing armour is not quite 

 solid, having a -mull internal cavity. Bar-thot 

 were two discs of iron connected by a liar, and used 

 formerly to destroy the rigging anil spars of ships. 

 Chain-that, for the same purpose, were two round 

 shot connected by a chain. Case-shot (q.v.) or 

 canister is used with all guns to ward off a gndden 

 attack, as of cavalry or of boats ; it consists of a 

 tin cylinder fitting the bore of the gun, and filled 

 with bullets. Grape-shot is obsolete. It consisted 

 of small iron balls ( 1 IK. to 2 Ib. weight) held to- 

 gether on a spindle by canvas or by iron plates so 

 it- to ! easily inserted in the gun. 



Small-shot for sporting purposes is of various 

 sizes, from buck-shot, nearly as large as peas, to 

 dust-shot. It is made by dropping molten lead 

 through a colander in rapid motion from a con- 

 siderable height into water. The lead falls in 

 small globular drops through holes varying in size 

 according to the denomination of the shot. No. 

 requiring holes .', n th inch in diameter, No. 9 3 J,th 

 inch. A small portion of arsenic is melted \viili 

 the lead to harden it, and the fusion in the co- 

 landers is maintained by those vessels being sur- 

 rounded by burning charcoal. The fall through 

 the air enables the lead to cool and harden before 

 taking its plunge. The smaller sizes require less 

 fall than the larger 100 feet suffices for sizes Nos. 



4 to 9 ; the larger sorts demand 150 feet. The 

 highest shot tower is at Villach in Carinthia, 

 whore there is a fall of 249 feet. After cooling, 

 shot is sifted in successive sieves to separate the 

 sizes. Mi Iripen shot are found by their inability 

 to roll down an inclined plank ; and finally the 

 whole are polished by rotary motion in OMll OOtfr 

 gonal boxes, in which a little plumbago has been 

 thrown. 



Sliotts. See ALGERIA ; SAHARA, Vol. IX. p. 76. 



Shoilldcr-joillt, an enarthrodial or ball-and- 

 socket joint. The bones entering into its formation 

 are the humerus or arm-bone (see ARM) and the 

 scapula or shoulder- blade. The former has already 

 liecn de.crilied : the latter is a Hat triangular hone 

 which is indirectly attached to the trunk by articu- 

 lation with the clavicle. When the arm Unnty 

 tin- side the scapula covers the rilw txwteriorly from 

 the second to the seventh or eighth inclusive. It 

 presents a |Mterior surface or aorsuiii, an anterior 

 surface or mitn; three borders, three angles, and 

 certain outstanding p ni,-.- ,-. 



The figure represent* a posterior view of the 

 scapula. It is divided into two unequal parts, the 

 supra spiuous fossa ( 1 ) and the infra -spinoiis I'd a 

 (2), by tin- spine ( |0), a crest of bone commencing 

 at a smooth triangular surface ( 1 1 ) on the internal 

 liorder. and running across towards the upper part 

 ill tin- neek of the KCApula (8), after whirh it alters 

 it- direction, and projects forwards so as to form a 

 lofty arch, known as the acromion process (12), 

 whieh overhang* the glrnoid cavity (6), or re- 

 ceptacle for the head of the humerus. The aero- 

 niton obviously serves to protect tin- shoulder joint. 

 as well as to give great leverage to the deltoid 

 muscle wbii-li ini.es the arm. Kmm the upper part 

 of the neck (S) there proceeds a curved projection 

 firmed the coracoid process; it is about 2 inches 



Fig. 1. Posterior View of the Left 

 Scapula : 



The put* denigrated by the figures 1, S, 

 4. 6, 8, 10, 11, 12 are sufficiently de- 

 scribed In tlm text ; 3 in the auperior 

 border; 6, the external or axillary 

 border; 7, the Inferior angle; 9, the 

 internal or vertebral border ; 12, the 

 acromion process ; 13, one of the 

 nutrient foramina; 14, the coracoid 

 process. 



long, and gives attachment* to several muscles. 



The upper border of the scapula presents a notch 



(4), winch in the 



recent state is 



bridged over by 



a ligament, and 



gives passage to 



i In- snpra-scapu 



lar nerve. 



The large 

 globular head of 

 the humerus is 

 received into the 

 shallow glenoid 

 cavity of the 

 scapula, an 

 arrangement by 

 which extreme 

 freedom of move- 

 ment is obtained, 

 while the appar- 

 ent insecurity of 

 the joint is 

 guarded against 

 by the strong 

 ligamente and 

 tendons which 

 surround it, and 

 above by the 

 arched vault 

 formed by the 

 under surface of 

 the acromion 

 process. As in 

 movable joints 



generally, the articular surfaces are covered with 

 cartilage, and there is a synovial membrane which 

 lines the interior of the joint. The most important 

 connecting medium between the two bones is the- 

 capsnlar ligament. 



The shoulder- joint exhibits the following varie- 

 ties of motion : (1) flexion, to a great extent ; (2> 

 extension, in a much more limited degree; (3) ad- 

 duction, in an oblique direction, forwards and 

 inwards; (4) abduction very freely; (5) circum- 

 duction; and (fl) rotation slight! v. 



The morbid affections of the shoulder-joint may 

 be divided into 

 those arising 

 from disease 

 and those de- 

 pendent on an 

 accident. The 

 most common 

 diseases are 

 acute and 

 chronic inflam- 

 mation of the 

 joint, which 

 often termi- 

 nate in its an- 

 chvlosU or im- 

 mobility. The 

 principal acci- 

 dents are frac- 

 tures and dis- 

 locations. 

 There may be 

 fracture (1) of 

 the acroniion 

 process, or (2) 

 of the coracoid 

 process, or (3) 

 of the neck of 



t In- - .-.ipnla. or (4) of the superior extremity of the 

 humerus ; or two or more of these accidents may 

 l>e associated. Again, the head of the humerus 

 may be dislocated from the glenoid cavity as the- 



Fig. 2. Dislocation of the Shouldor- 



joint downwards : 

 1, the clavicle : 2, the acromion proems ; 3. 



the coracoid process ; 4. the glnnoid 



cavity ; 6, the Bead of the hu 



In the axilla. 



. 



of the hutuiTiu lying 



