434 



SICKINGEN 



SI UG WICK 



Sirkinaen. FKANZ VON, born on 2d March 



MM in the castle Dt' F.liernburg near Kreoznach, 

 fought in 1308 against the Venetians in the sen i. 

 of the Emperor Maximilian, hut in peace led the 

 jife of a free-lance. He could bring '20,000 followers 

 into the Held, and during 1513-19 we find him 

 warring against Worm*, the magistrates of Met/, 

 the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, and Wiirtemberg. 

 He twice levied ransoms of "20,000 and 30,000 gulden, 

 and Charles V.'s election to the im|>erial crown was 

 largely due to his inllueuce. Keuchlin was pro- 

 tectt{ by him at the capture of Stuttgart, ami he 

 formed a close friendship with I'lrich von Hutten 

 ('I- v.|, who from 15*20 wan his constant guest, and 

 won over his rude but lofty spirit to the cause of 

 the Reformation. HIM fortresses, Landstuhl and 

 Ehernburg, became the 'asylums of righteousness;' 

 Bucer, Aquila, and lEcolampadius found refuge 

 within their walls. In 1521 he assisted the em- 

 peror in his French campaign ; in 1.VJJ, with the 

 nobles of the Upper Rhine, he opened a Protestant 

 war against the archbishop of Treves. That war 

 miscarried ; and put to the ban of the empire, 

 and besieged in his castle of Landstuhl, on -M May 

 1523 he received a musket-shot, of which six days 

 later he died. In 1889 a stately monument to him 

 and Mm ten was erected at Ebernburg. 



See works cited at HOTTER, and monographs on 

 Sickingen by Ulmann ( Leip. 1872), Bremer ( Strasb. 1885), 

 and Hull (Ludwigsb. 1887). 



Sickle. See REAPING. 



Siryon. an important city of ancient Greece, 

 stood on a triangular plateau, between the rivers 

 Asopus and Helisson, about 2 miles S. of the 

 < 'oiiiithian Gulf and 7 NW. of Corinth. It was 

 celebrated in antiquity for the unusual beauty of 

 its bronze work, which exercised an ini]>ortant in- 

 fluence on the development of Greek art in general, 

 and was the seat of a school of painting that 

 included Pamphilus and Apt-Mrs, both natives of 

 Sicyon. It was also the birthplace of Aratus 

 (q.v.), the general of the Achn-an League, and 

 of Lysippus, the sculptor. There exist at the 

 present day a few remains of the ancient rity, 

 as well as of the more modern buildings erected 

 by the Roman conquerors of Greece. These have 

 been in part excavated by the American School of 

 Classical Studies at Athens since 1887. 



Sitlilliurl ha. See BUDDHISM, Vol. II. p. 517. 



Siflduns, SAICAII, the greatest tragic actress 

 England has produced, was the daughter of 

 Roger Kemble, a respectable manager of a small 

 travelling theatrical company, whose circuit \va-s 

 in the midland and western parts of England. 

 Sarah, who was the eldest child, was born at Brecon 

 on 5th July 17.V>. From her earliest childhood 

 she wan a member of her father's company, and in 

 a playbill dated 12th February 1767 her name 

 appears as acting the character of the Princess 

 Klizabeth in Havanl's tragedy of Cliarlea the First, 

 When only seventeen she formed an attachment to 

 Millions, who was a member of her father's com- 

 pany, and, after considerable opposition from her 

 nUi, she was married to him in Coventry on 

 20th Novemlwr 1773. Her husband and herself 

 joined the Cheltenham Company, and while here 

 die wa recommended to Garrick by the F.arl of 

 A ill-bury. Garrick asked the Rev. Bate Dudley 

 to report on her abilities, ami is said to have also 

 Bent King, the actor, to gee her. The result was 

 an engagement at Drtiry Lane, win-re she made 

 her lirxt apiiearance on 29th December 177."> in the 

 character of Portia. It has been said that the com- 

 parative failure which attended her lirst attempt 

 to IMH-OIIIC a London actress was the result of pique 

 on the part of Garrick ; but there is no evidence 

 whatever of this, and the fact seems to be simply 



that her powers were not matured sufficiently to 

 enable her to produce an effect in the huge metro- 

 |H>litan theatre. At the end of the season she was 

 not re-engaged, and for six years she played in the 

 provinces, making her greatest successes in York 

 and Bath ; but her reputation grew so fast that in 

 1782 she was invited to return to Drury Lane. She 

 accepted the oiler, and made her reappearance on 

 10th October 1782 as Isaliella, in Garriek's adapta- 

 tion of Southerne's Fulfil Murriiii/r. Her fiiccess 

 was immediate and permanent, and from tlii- time 

 to her retirement she was the unquestioned queen 

 of the stage. In 1803 she followed the fortunes of 

 her brother, John Philip Kemble. who hail pin 

 chased a share in Covent Garden Theatre, and 

 here she appeared on 27th Septeinlier 1803 in her 

 favourite character of Isabella. During the rest of 

 her career she continued at Covent Garden, and 

 at that theatre she took her formal farewell of the 

 stage on 29th June 1812, when she played Lady 

 Macbeth. She appeared occasionally after Una 

 time, but only for charitable objects or for special 

 Ix-nefits. After her retirement from the stage Mrs 

 Siililons gave occasional public readings from 

 Shakespeare and Milton. She died on 8th June 

 1831, and was buried in Paddington Churchyard. 

 As an actress Mrs Siddons stands unapproachcd, 

 so far as can be judged from recorded criticism, in 

 every line of tragedy her pathos, her rage, her 

 despair, her suffering, her grief, all l>eing perfect in 

 expression and convincing in naturalness. Endowed 

 by nature with a gloriously expressive and beam ifnl 

 face, a queenly figure, anil a voice of richest power 

 and flexibility, she worked assiduously to cultivate 

 her mental and physical gifts until she reached a 

 height of perfection which lias probably never lieen 

 surpassed oy any player of any age or country. In 

 comedy she was less successful. See Life by Mrs 

 Kennard ('Eminent Women ' series, 1886). 



Siili'-InnH-s are enlargements situated above 

 the quarters of a horse's teet, result ing from the 

 conversion into bone of the elastic lateral rani 

 lagcs. They occur mostly in heavy draught horses 

 with upright pasterns, causing some stillness, but, 

 unless when of rapid growth, little lameness, though 

 they are accounted amongst the defects that render 

 a horse 'unsound.' They arc treated at first by 

 cold applied continually, until beat and iciidernt'ss 

 are removed, when blistering or firing must be 

 resorted to, and removal of pressure by shoeing 

 with a ' bar shoe. ' 



Sidereal Clock, a clock so regulated as to 

 indicate s/or/// time ; see DAY. The sidereal 

 clock is a most important aid to the practical 

 astronomer, and is one of the indispensable inst m- 

 ments of an observatory. 



Slderoxylon. See IRON-WOOD. 



Sidesaddle-flower is a name sometimes given 

 to a plant of the genus Sarracenia. See INSEC- 

 Tivonous PLANTS. 



Nldffwick, HENRY, a writer on ethics, was 

 IHII-II at Skipton in Yorkshire, on 31st May 1838, 

 and educated at Rugby ami Trinity College, Cam- 

 bridge, beinjj elected a Fellow in 1859. From 1875 

 he lectured in the capacity of prn-lector of Moral 

 ami Political Philosophy, and in 1883 was elected 

 Knightbridge professor of Moral Philosophy. Hif 

 name first liecaine widely known as an able writer 

 on ethical subjects by his Methotls of Ethics ( 1874 ; 

 4th ed. 1890), a critical examination of the prin- 

 ciples underlying the various historic systems of 

 moral philosophy, in which the jMiints of resem- 

 blance between the opposing intuitional and utili- 

 tarian schools are particularly dwelt upon. The 

 writer is on the whole fair to\x>th sides, although 

 his own sympathies lean to the utilitarian stand- 

 point. The strongest feature of the book is it* 



