SIDI-BEL-ABBES 



SIDNEY 



435 



keen analytical power, which, however, drifts at 

 times into the over-refinements of mere intellectual 

 subtlety. Professor Sidgwick contributed numer- 

 ous papers on ethical and economic subjects \fiMind, 

 Journal of Philology, and other journals. He took 

 a warm and active interest in the higher education 

 of women, and was especially interested in the 

 management of Newnham College at Cambridge. 

 In 1886 he published as a separate book Outlines of 

 the History of Ethics, the historical summary of the 

 chief ethical systems and schools that he contributed 

 to the ninth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britann if a ; 

 in 1883 The Principles of Political Economy, a work 

 that maintains the essentials of John Stuart Mill's 

 method and results, but modifies them into harmony 

 with the march of progress and the advance in 

 economic ideas ; in 1891 The Elements of Politics. 

 Professor Sidgwick took an active interest in the 

 Psychical Research Society, and was once its presi- 

 dent. He died in August 1900. 



Sidi-bel-Abbes, a quiet modern town of 

 Algeria, 48 miles by rail S. of Oran and 56 NE. of 

 Tlemcen. Pop. 19,848. 



Sidlaw Hills. See FORFARSHIRE, and DUN- 



SINANK. 



Sidllioiltll, a watering-place on the south coast 

 of Devonshire, 14 miles by road, but 20f by a branch- 

 line (1874), ESE. of Exeter. It lies iii a narrow 

 valley at the month of the little Sid between the 

 red sandstone Hill's of High Peak (513 feet) on the 

 west, and Salcombe Hill (497) on the east. Its 

 esplanade is protected by a sea-wall (1838), 1700 

 feet long; and its parish church (1259; almost 

 rebuilt 1860) has a stained west window inserted 

 by Queen Victoria in memory of her father, the 

 Duke of Kent, who died here in 1820. Sidmouth 

 then was the favourite resort that it lias once 

 more become since the opening of the railway ; its 

 former prosperity as a port, which in Edward III.'s 

 day sent two ships to the siege of Calais, passed 

 away through the silting up of the harbour. The 

 climate is mild, the rainfall the least in Devon, and 

 the beach yields plenty of agates and chalcedonies. 

 Pop. ( 1851 ) 2516 ; ( 1891 ) 3758. 



Sidmoiith, HENRY ADDINOTON, VISCOUNT, 

 prime-minister, was l>orn in London, 30th May 

 1 ".">", the son of Lord Chatham's physician, Dr 

 Anthony Addington ( 1713-90). After twelve years 

 at Cheam and Winchester schools, and four at 

 Brasenose College, Oxford ( 1 774-78 ), he studied law 

 at Lincoln's Inn, married ( 1781 ), and was led by his 

 friendship with Pitt to quit the bar for politics, in 

 17H3 \tfinx elected M.I', for Devizes. He made an 

 admirable Speaker from 1789 till 1801, when, upon 

 Pitt's resignation on the Catholic relief question, 

 he was invited by the king anil urged by 1'itt to 

 form a ministry. That most third-rate administra- 

 tion, in which Addington wan First Lord of the 

 Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, and 

 whose one great event was the short-lived peace of 

 Amiens (1802), came to an end in 1804. In the 

 following January Addington was created Viscount 

 Sidmouth ; and thereafter lie wns thrice President of 

 the Council, once Lord Privy-seal, and from 1812 

 to 1821 Home Secretary, as such being thoroughly 

 unpopular for his coercive measures. He retired 

 from the cabinet in 1824, and died 15th February 

 1844. He was a very sincere Tory. See his Life 

 and Correspondence by his son-in-law, Dean Pellew 

 (3 vols. 1847). 



Sidney, or SYDNEY, ALGERNON, grand- 

 nephew of the famous Sir Philip, was born 

 probably at Penshnrst, Kent, and in 1622, the 

 second aon of Robert, second Earl of Leicester 

 (1595-1677). He received a careful education, 

 and accompanied his father in 1632 on his emlmssy 

 to Denmark, and in 1636 to France. In 1641-43 



he commanded a troop of horse against the 

 rebels in Ireland, of which country his father was 

 (nominally) Lord-lieutenant. Then with his elder 

 brother, Viscount Lisle, he returned to England, 

 and, declaring for the parliament, was in March 

 1644 appointed to a troop in the Earl of Man- 

 chesters regiment. At Marston Moor he was 

 severely wounded ; in 1645 was appointed governor 

 of Chichester, and returned by Cardiff to parlia- 

 ment ; in 1646 attended his brother, now Lord- 

 lieutenant, to Ireland as lieutenant-general of the 

 horse and governor of Dublin ; and in 1647, after 

 receiving the thanks of the House of Commons for 

 his services, was appointed governor of Dover. In 

 1649, though nominated one of the commissioners, 

 he kept himself clear from any hand in the king's 

 trial, which yet he justified on abstract grounds, 

 speaking afterwards of the execution as ' the 

 justest and bravest action that ever was done in 

 England or anywhere else.' In principle a severe 

 republican, he resented Cromwell's usurpation of 

 power, and from the dissolution to the restoration 

 of the Long Parliament (1653-59) lived in retire- 

 ment at Penshurst. He then was nominated one 

 of the Council of State, and next was engaged for 

 a twelvemonth on a political mission to Denmark 

 and Sweden. After the Restoration he lived pre- 

 cariously on the Continent, flitting from place to 

 place (Rome, Brussels, Augsburg, Montpellier, 

 Paris, &c.) ; but in 1677 a pardon was procured 

 for him from Charles II., and he returned to his 

 native country. In 1679 he twice stood for parlia- 

 ment, but each time was jockeyed out of his seat 

 in favour of the court candidate ; and an attempt 

 was made that same year to involve him in the 

 sham Meal-tub Plot. The attempt miscarried ; 

 still, he deemed it prudent to retire for a while to 

 France, where he bought a small property, and, to 

 detach Louis XIV. from Charles, entered into 

 negotiations with him through Barillon. That 

 prior to this he had taken moneys from the French 

 ambassador, either for himself or (more likely) 

 for tin' republican cause, is admitted by Hallam 

 and Macaulay, but disputed by Mr Ewald, who 

 contends that Barillon embezzled the thousand 

 guineas that he set down to Sidney's account. 

 Anyhow, to understand Sidney's relations with 

 Louis, it must be borne in mind that he was hardly 

 less hostile to William of Orange, as stadtholder, 

 than to Charles himself, as king. Next year he 

 was back in England, and, it is said on somewhat 

 doubtful authority, assisted his friend, William 

 Penn, to draw up the Pennsylvanian constitution, 

 including the ballot, universal suffrage, the aboli- 

 tion of a property qualification, religious equality, 

 prison reform, and the abolition of capital punish- 

 ment except for murder and treason. In June 

 1683, when the Rye-house plot was announced, the 

 chance was seized to get rid of men felt to be 

 dangerous, and, along with Lords Russell, Essex, 

 and Howard, Sidney was arrested and committed 

 to the Tower. On 21st November he was tried for 

 bigh-treuon before the brutal Jeffreys, and, on no 

 evidence but the traitor Lord Howard's and bis own 

 unpublished Discourses concerning Government, was 

 found guilty and sentenced to die. He met his 

 doom bravely on Tower Hill, 7th December, and 

 was buried the next day at Penshurst. His 

 attainder was reversed in 1689 ; his Discourses 

 appeared first in 1698. 



See Blencowe's Sidney Papert (1813), and the Lives of 

 Sidney by S. W. Meadley ( 1813 ) and A. C. Ewald ( 2 vola. 

 1873), with other works cited at RUSSELL, SHAFTKSBCBT, 

 and < 'HAUL! s II. 



Sidney, PHILIP (November 1554-October 1586). 

 After three hundred years the effacing hands of 

 time and change have still left a halo about Sir 

 Philip Sidney such aa surrounds no other of his 



