466 



SIMMS 



SIMON 



1 European schools, and various public insti- 

 tutions. Population 13,800 in winter, ami con- 

 siderably more in summer. The district has an 



View of Central Simla. 



area of .81 sq. m. and a population of 50,000. 

 The name Simla Hill States is given to twenty - 

 three native States, all sinull, in the neigbourhood 

 of Simla, Their united area is 0570 sq. m., and 

 their |M>pulation is over half a million. 



Simins. WILLIAM CiiLMOKK, American author, 

 born at Charleston, South Carolina, April 17, 1806, 

 at first was placed with a druggist there, but at 

 eighteen began the study of law, though he 

 scarcely practised. His earliest volume, Lyrical 

 iinil nl/ii'i- Poems, was published in 1827. In 1828 

 he became editor of the City Gazette, which 

 opposed nullification ami died in 1833. Mean- 

 while he had published The Vision of Cortes ( 1829) ; 

 The Tri-coloiir (1830); and in 18.'t2 Atti/antis, a 

 Story of tlif Sea. From this time he poured out 

 rather than wrote poems (perhaps the best South- 

 ern Passages and Pictures, 1839), novels (among 

 them The _ Yemiissee, The Partisan, and ll,,m- 

 i-li'iinjx), histories, and biographiM in rapid succes- 

 sion, almost till hi* death, on lllli .lime 1 S70. His 

 style is crude but vigorous, and hi.s writings display 

 Mrong imagination and many of the gifts of the 

 born story-teller. An illustrated edition of his 

 works in 17 vols. appeared at New York in 1882-86. 

 Then, are Lives by Cable (1888) ami Professor W. 

 P. Trent (in ' American Men of Letters ' series). 



Siiimt'l, LAMHKRT. See HKMIV VII. 



Simois. See SCAMANDKU. 



Simon, .Jri.Ks, Krenrh statmman, economist, 

 and author, was !>orn at [.orient ( Morbihan), 31st 

 IWeniher INI4. |[ ( . received the names of Jules 

 Francois Simon Suisse, but on reaching manhood 

 ehiwp the designation of Jules Simon only. After a 

 brilliant educational career, he succeeded Victor 

 Cousin (whose ardent diwiplo he was) as lecturer 

 on philosophy at the Sorbonno in 1839. He was 

 returned to the Chamber of Deputies for the 

 department of the (VHes-dn-Nord in 1848, and took 

 lii i-eat with the Moderate Left. He refnsed the 



oath of allegiance to the empire, and by the year 

 1869 had lieconie one of the most jHipuhir chiefs of 

 liepiihliran party. He was minister of Public 

 Instriietion in tin- (ioveriiiiient of 

 National Defence; but in 187.') his 

 measures dealing with secondary 

 education were violently opposed 

 by the clericals, and he resigned. 

 lie now became leader of the 

 Republican I.cft. In 1874 he 

 a.-- imicd the direct ion of the Siecle 

 newspaper ; in 1875 he was elected 

 a life-senator : and in 1876 he was 

 appointed prime-minister, taking 

 the portfolio of the Interior. 

 President Macmahon and the 

 Right, however, resented his 

 liberal attitude towards the press, 

 ami he forthwith resigned. M. 

 Simon pronounced the funeral 

 oration on M. Thiers. He always 

 showed himself a consistent advo- 

 cate of Free Trade, and took a 

 prominent part in the revision of 

 the Constitution. Subsequently 

 his Republicanism developed a 

 more conservative character, and 

 he opposed M. Jules Ferry's bill 

 for the expulsion of the religious 

 orders. In 1880 the French 

 Academy elected him a member of 

 the new Supreme Kdiieational 

 Council, and two years later he 

 was elected permanent secretary 

 of the Academy of Moral and 

 Political Sciences. He died at 

 Paris 8th June 1896. Besides 

 editing Descartes, Bosfiiet, Malehranche, and 

 Antoine. Arnauld, and contributing to the /; 

 ties Di-n.r Mondes and other periodical^ ihis la-t 

 work was luilircs i-t Pnrtmitx. Is'.i.'i . Simon was 

 author of llistoirc dc V Ernie tTAltxandrit ( 1S44-45); 

 La Liberte dc ' and l.n l.ilu-rtf (1859); 



IM lleligion Naturelle (1856); /.'"/ ;-ii'rr (1863); 

 l'col (1864); Le Travail (1866); I.,, /W///I/MC 

 Badieah (1S6S) ; Souvenir* tin .', >'<//< m/./r ( IS74) ; 

 Le Goilvemenient de M. Thiers (1878); 1' 

 Piitrie, Liltertf (ISM); !', A,;,,l, ,!,- snasle 

 Directoire (1885); Memoirs* des Aittrcs (1889); 

 and Studies on Thirrs. ilitiznt. llriniixnt, Miyiiet, 

 Michtlet, Henri Mitrtiti, Victor Cousin, Caro, 

 Reybaud, F. de Coulangcs, &c. Died June 8, 1896. 

 Simon, RiniAlM), the father of biblical criti- 

 cism, was born at Dieppe, May 13, 1C38. He 

 entereil thc> Congregation of the Oratory in KM!), 

 but soon after withdrew, to return in "the later 

 part of 1662. He was sent lirst to lecture on 

 philosophy in the college of Juilly, but was after- 

 wards appointed to catalogue the oriental MSS. in 

 the library of the Order at Paris. His criticisms 

 upon Arnauld's Defence of the J'erjictwity of lln- 

 1-iiilh in the Blessed Eucharist caused g^reat dis- 

 pleasure among the Port l!o\ alibis, and his impru- 

 dent meddling with another controversy brought 

 upon his head the wrath of the Ilenedictines. The 

 scandal occasioned by the appearance of hi.s J/ix 

 toir\ I', ,>/,,, ,l,i Yirnjr Ti-xliiiiniit ( Ki7S) led to his 

 again withdrawing from the Oratory and retiring 

 to P.ellevillc as care. In 1682 he resigned his 

 parish, and lived in literary retirement at Dieppe. 

 Paris, and again at Dieppe, where he died April 

 11, 1712. Few writers of nis age played so promi- 

 nent a part in the world of letters, and especially 

 in its polemics. There is hardly a critical or theo 

 logical scholar among his contemporaries with 

 whom he did not break a lance Weil, Spanheim, 

 Le Clerc, Isaac Voss, Du Pin. Jurieu, and Jurieu's 

 great antagonist, Bossuet. His Hittuire Critique 



