SIWAH 



SKALD 



481 



Trebizond, and is a dirty, decayed place. Pop. 

 15,000, of whom about 3000 are Armenians, the rest 

 Turks. It is built on the site of the ancient 

 Sebasteia, from which it derives its name. 



Si vt all. See OASES. 



Siwalik Hills. See HIMALAYA, Vol. V. p. 

 716. 



Siwash, or PUTRID SEA. See CRIMEA. 



Six Arts, six repressive measures passed in 

 England in 1819 to prevent seditious assemblies 

 and unauthorised military training, punish seditious 

 libels, increase the power of the magistrates, and 

 further restrict the liberty of the press. They were 

 very unpopular, and are known as the ' Gagging 

 Acts.' 



Six Articles STATUTE OF, an enactment of 

 Henry VIII. (1539), commonly called the Bloody 

 Statute, to compel the uniform profession of the 

 following six doctrines : ( 1 ) The Real Presence of 

 Christ in the Eucharist, and Transubstantiation ; 



(2) the sufficiency of communion in one kind only ; 



(3) the unlawfulness of the marriage of priests; 



(4) the obligation of vows of chastity ; (5) the pro- 

 priety of retaining private masses; (6) the expedi- 

 ency and necessity of auricular confession. In 

 spite of the threatened penalties, only twenty-eight 

 persons suffered death under the statute throughout 

 the whole reign. See HENRY VIII. 



Six Nations. See IROQUOIS. 



Sixtlis, the name of five popes, of whom two 

 call for particular notice, Sixtus IV. and Sixtus 

 V. The former (originally named Francesco della 

 Bovere), born July 22, 1414, was the son of a fisher- 

 man in Celle, a small village near Kavona. He was 

 a pupil and friend of the celebrated Cardinal Bes- 

 sarion, and, having entered the Franciscan order, 

 gained the highest reputation throughout Italy as 

 a preacher. On the death of Paul II. in 1471, 

 Kovere, who had risen to be general of his order, 

 was elected to the Roman see. His inordinate 

 partiality for his relatives exhausted the papal 

 treasury, and led to many questionable exactions, 

 and to gross abuses in the dispensation of church 

 patronage. Bat the worst imputation upon his 

 memory is his connivance in the Pazzi conspiracy 

 against the Medici (q.v. ) at Florence. In many 

 respects, however, his administration was lil>eral 

 ami public spirited. He did much to foster learn- 

 ing and to encourage art, and contributed notably 

 to the improvement and decoration of the city. He 

 built the Sistine chapel and the Sistine bridge 

 across the Tiber, took a zealous interest in aug- 

 menting the Vatican library, and was a munificent 

 patron of the great painters of the day. In 1482 

 he entered into an alliance with the Venetians 

 against the Duke of Ferrara, which led to a 

 general Italian war, and ended in a dissolution of 

 the Venetian alliance, an event so mortifying to 

 the pope that his death is said to have been caused 

 by chagrin, August 13, 1484. His successor was 

 Innocent VIII. SlXTUS V., one of the most able 

 and vigorous occupants of the Roman gee, origin- 

 ally named Felice Peretti, was born (December 13, 

 1521 ) near Montalto, of poor parents. He early 

 entered the Franciscan order, was made professor 

 of Theology at Rimini and Sienna, won a great 

 name as an eloquent preacher, and gradually rose, 

 through the offices of inquisitor-general in Venice 

 and vicar-general of the Franciscan order, to be 

 cardinal (Cardinal Montalto) in 1570. Shortly 

 after the accession of Gregory XIII. (1572) he 

 began to lead a retired and mortified life, and was 

 believed to have fallen almost into the decrepitude 

 of age and infirmity. This circumstance seems to 

 have recommended him to the cardinals assembled 

 to elect a successor to Gregory in 1585. But Sixtus 



totally deceived those who had thought to lead 

 him ; for his rule was most active and energetic, 

 and was marked by vigorous measures of improve- 

 ment iu every department of administration, ecclesi- 

 astical as well as civil. His first care was to repress 

 the prevailing license and disorder of the city of 

 Rome, and of the papal states generally, by break- 

 ing up the bands of outlaws by which both were 

 infested. He reformed the administration of the 

 law and the disposal of public patronage ; and lie 

 entered upon numerous projects for the moral and 

 material improvement of Rome. Amongst others 

 he erected the library buildings of the Vatican. 

 He found an empty pontifical treasury ; yet by 

 judicious retrenchment, and heavy taxation, he 

 secured within the first years of his short pontifi- 

 cate a surplus of above 5 millions of crowns. To 

 the Jews (q.v., Vol. VI. p. 328) he extended full 

 liberty to trade and celebrate their own worship 

 throughout his dominions. The great aim of 

 his foreign policy was to advance the cause of 

 the Roman Catholic Church in every quarter of 

 Christendom, against the Huguenots in France, 

 against the Lutherans in Germany, and against 

 Queen Elizabeth in England. At the same time 

 he entertained a deep jealousy and apprehen- 

 sion of the deiigns of Spain. Amongst other re- 

 forms in church matters he fixed the number of the 

 College of Cardinals at seventy, and reorganised 

 the separate congregations of cardinals. Under his 

 authority were published a new edition of the 

 Septuagint and an edition of the Vulgate, the 

 latter famous from the multiplicity of its errors, 

 subsequently corrected in the edition of Clement 

 VIII. Sixtus died on 27th August 1590, and was 

 followed in the papal chair by Urban VII. 



Many of the popular stories regarding him are derived 

 from Gregorio Leti's Vita tli Siito V. (Zvols. Lausanne, 

 16G9 ), a work of no authority. The best account is that 

 of Kanke ; and see also Tempesti, Sturia della Vita 

 Getti de Sisto V. (2vols. Rome. 1754); Lorentz, Sixtui 

 V. und trine Ztit (Mainz, 1852); and Baron Hiibner, 

 Sixte V. (Paris, 1870; Eng. trans. 1872). 



Sizar, the name of an order of students at 

 Cambridge and Dublin universities, so called from 

 the allowance of victuals ( size ) made to them from 

 the college buttery. Duties of a somewhat menial 

 kind, such as waiting upon the fellows at table, 

 were originally required of the sizars, but these 

 have long since gone into disuse. At Oxford there 

 was formerly a somewhat similar order of students 

 denominated Servitors. 



Size. See GLUE, and GELATINE. 



Skagen, CAPE, or THE SKAW, the most 

 northerly point of Jutland, Denmark, on which 

 is built a lighthouse of stone, 148 feet high. Near 

 it is a small town of 1954 fishers and pilots. 



Skager-Rack, an arm of the North Sea lying 

 between Denmark and Norway, and communicat- 

 ing with the Cattegat, is about 140 miles long from 

 WSW. to ENE., and 70 miles broad. The depth 

 is much greater on the Norwegian than on the 

 Danish coast, being on the former about 200 

 fathoms, while on the latter it varies from 30 to 

 40 fathoms. When free from violent storms to 

 which, however, it is very subject the current 

 runs east on the side next Denmark, and west on 

 that next Norway, the harlmure being all on the 

 latter coast. 



Skald signifies in old Norse a poet. The 

 name was given specially to that class of poets 

 who exercised their art as a vocation requiring a 

 learned education i.e. a knowledge of the con- 

 struction of verse, and of the enigmatical imagery, 

 roughly shaped out of obscure tradition, to which 

 Scandinavian poets were prone. The principal 

 aim of the Skaldic poetry was to celebrate the 



